Since 1985, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 80 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 100 training modules through its Safety in Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) series.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvList of Tables xixList of Figures xxiAcronyms and Abbreviations xxvGlossary xxix1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 What is Risk? 11.2 Scope of these Guidelines 71.3 Objectives of these Guidelines 82 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CRITERIA 112.1 A Brief History of Risk Assessment 112.2 The Qualitative Approach to Risk Assessment 152.3 Technical Aspects of QRA 212.4 Quantitative Risk Criteria 312.5 The Role of QRA and Risk Criteria 372.6 Risk Tolerance as a Function of Societal Values 392.7 Definition and Applications of the "As Low as Reasonably Practicable" (ALARP) Principle 442.8 Uncertainty and Its Impact on Risk Decision Making 463 LEARNING FROM REGULATORY PRECEDENTS 493.1 Why Study Risk Criteria? 493.2 The Evolution of Risk Criteria in the UK 513.3 The Evolution of Risk Criteria in the Netherlands 603.4 Comparison of Risk Criteria in the UK and the Netherlands 673.5 Learning from and Applying the Precedents 734 CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING RISK CRITERIA 794.1 Determine the Need to Establish Risk Criteria 804.2 Determine the Risks to be Addressed 824.3 Determine/Classify the Population to be Addressed 824.4 Determine Which Risk Criteria to Develop 844.5 Determine Whether Risk Criteria Will Distinguish Between New and Existing Facilities 854.6 Determine Philosophy for Continuing Risk Reduction 874.7 Develop Individual Risk Criteria 874.8 Develop Societal Risk Criteria 884.9 Qualifymalidate the Risk Criteria 884.10 Decide on a Philosophy for Apportioning and Scaling the Risk Criteria 914.11 Periodically Revalidate the Risk Criteria 984.12 Matching the Risk Criteria with the System and with the Risk Estimation Methodology 1004.13 Risk Criteria in the Multinational Context 1024.14 Consideration of Short DuratiodHigher Risk Activities 1035 FUTURE TOPICS 1055.1 Fostering the Application of Risk-Based Decision Making 1055.2 Enhancing Risk Assessment Technology 106Appendix A: Understanding and Using F-N Diagrams 109Appendix B: Survey of Worldwide Risk Criteria Applications 119Appendix C: Development of Company Risk Criteria 171REFERENCES 191INDEX 207