Microwave Imaging

MATTEO PASTORINO, PhD, is a Professor of Electromagnetic Fields and the Director of the Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy. He teaches the university courses in electromagnetic fields and remote sensing and electromagnetic propagation. Professor Pastorino's main research interests are in the field of microwave and millimeter wave imaging, direct and inverse scattering problems, industrial and medical applications, smart antennas, and analytical and numerical methods in electromagnetism. He is the coauthor of more than 350 papers in international journals and proceedings of conferences.

• 1 Introduction. 2 Electromagnetic Scattering.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations.2.2 Interface Conditions.2.3 Constitutive Equations.2.4 Wave Equations and Their Solutions.2.5 Volume Scattering by Dielectric Targets.2.6 Volume Equivalence Principle.2.7 Integral Equations.2.8 Surface Scattering by Perfectly Electric Conducting Targets.References.3 The Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problem.3.1 Introduction.3.2 Three-Dimensional Inverse Scattering.3.3 Two-Dimensional Inverse Scattering.3.4 Discretization of the Continuous Model.3.5 Scattering by Canonical Objects: The Case of Multilayer Elliptic Cylinders.References.4 Imaging Configurations and Model Approximations.4.1 Objectives of the Reconstruction.4.2 Multiillumination Approaches.4.3 Tomographic Confi gurations.4.4 Scanning Confi gurations.4.5 Confi gurations for Buried-Object Detection.4.6 Born-Type Approximations.4.7 Extended Born Approximation.4.8 Rytov Approximation.4.9 Kirchhoff Approximation.4.10 Green's Function for Inhomogeneous Structures.References.5 Qualitative Reconstruction Methods.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Generalized Solution of Linear Ill-Posed Problems.5.3 Regularization Methods.5.4 Singular Value Decomposition.5.5 Singular Value Decomposition for Solving Linear Problems.5.6 Regularized Solution of a Linear System Using Singular Value Decomposition.5.7 Qualitative Methods for Object Localization and Shaping.5.8 The Linear Sampling Method.5.9 Synthetic Focusing Techniques.5.10 Qualitative Methods for Imaging Based on Approximations.5.11 Diffraction Tomography.5.12 Inversion Approaches Based on Born-Like Approximations.5.13 The Born Iterative Method.5.14 Reconstruction of Equivalent Current Density.References.6 Quantitative Deterministic Reconstruction Methods.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Inexact Newton Methods.6.3 The Truncated Landweber Method.6.4 Inexact Newton Method for Electric Field Integral Equation Formulation.6.5 Inexact Newton Method for Contrast Source Formulation.6.6 The Distorted Born Iterative Method.6.7 Inverse Scattering as an Optimization Problem.6.8 Gradient-Based Methods.References.7 Quantitative Stochastic Reconstruction Methods.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Simulated Annealing.7.3 The Genetic Algorithm.7.4 The Differential Evolution Algorithm.7.5 Particle Swarm Optimization.7.6 Ant Colony Optimization.7.7 Code Parallelization.References.8 Hybrid Approaches.8.1 Introduction.8.2 The Memetic Algorithm.8.3 Linear Sampling Method and Ant Colony Optimization.References.9 Microwave Imaging Apparatuses and Systems.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Scanning Systems for Microwave Tomography.9.3 Antennas for Microwave Imaging.9.4 The Modulated Scattering Technique and Microwave Cameras.References.10 Applications of Microwave Imaging.10.1 Civil and Industrial Applications.10.2 Medical Applications of Microwave Imaging.10.3 Shallow Subsurface Imaging.References.11 Microwave Imaging Strategies, Emerging Techniques, and Future Trends.11.1 Introduction.11.2 Potentialities and Limitations of Three-Dimensional Microwave Imaging.11.3 Amplitude-Only Methods.11.4 Support Vector Machines.11.5 Metamaterials for Imaging Applications.11.6 Through-Wall Imaging.References.INDEX.