Carbon Meta-Nanotubes

Dr. Marc Monthioux is Research Director at the French National Research Institute (CNRS), and is currently working at CEMES (Centre d’Elaboration des Matériaux et d’Etudes Structurales, Toulouse, France). He has been conducting research on carbon-related materials since 1979, including coals, cokes, carbon fibers, composites and even oils and derivatives, from the point of view of structure, texture, nanotexture, and behavior (thermal, mechanical, chemical). He has focused his work on carbon nanotubes and related materials since 1998, when he co-discovered "nanopeapods". He has authored more than 130 articles and chapters in refereed journals and conference proceedings, including contributions to ten books, and is co-inventor of two patents. He is currently one of the Editors of Carbon journal and consultant for companies involved in the carbon business.

“The variations are exhaustively described and well-supported with clear illustrations. The book should be considered an essential reference for professionals working in fields related to carbon nanotubes.”  (Book News, 1 April 2012)

• List of Contributors xiii Foreword xvList of Abbreviations xviiAcknowledgements xxiIntroduction to the Meta-Nanotube Book 1Marc Monthioux1 Time for a Third-Generation of Carbon Nanotubes 12 Introducing Meta-Nanotubes 22.1 Doped Nanotubes (X:CNTs) 32.2 Functionalized Nanotubes (X-CNTs) 32.3 Decorated (Coated) Nanotubes (X /CNTs) 32.4 Filled Nanotubes (X@CNTs) 32.5 Heterogeneous Nanotubes (X*CNTs) 43 Introducing the Meta-Nanotube Book 4References 51 Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes 7Marc Monthioux1.1 Introduction 71.2 One Word about Synthesizing Carbon Nanotubes 71.3 SWCNTs: The Perfect Structure 111.4 MWCNTs: The Amazing (Nano)Textural Variety 181.5 Electronic Structure 291.6 Some Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 311.7 Conclusion 36References 362 Doped Carbon Nanotubes: (X:CNTs) 41Alain Pénicaud, Pierre Petit and John E. Fischer2.1 Introduction 412.1.1 Scope of this Chapter 412.1.2 A Few Definitions 422.1.3 Doped/Intercalated Carbon Allotropes – a Brief History 432.1.4 What Happens upon Doping SWCNTs? 482.2 n-Doping of Nanotubes 522.2.1 Synthetic Routes for Preparing Doped SWCNTs 522.2.2 Crystalline Structure and ChemicalComposition of n-Doped Nanotubes 542.2.3 Modification of the Electronic Structure of SWCNTs upon Doping 592.2.4 Electrical Transport in Doped SWCNTs 612.2.5 Spectroscopic Evidence for n-Doping 652.2.6 Solutions of Reduced Nanotubes 722.3 p-Doping of Carbon Nanotubes 732.3.1 p-Doping of SWCNTs with Halogens 742.3.2 p-Doping with Acceptor Molecules 802.3.3 p-Doping of SWCNTs with FeCl3 842.3.4 p-Doping of SWCNTs with SOCl2 872.3.5 p-Doping of SWCNTs with Acids 872.3.6 p-Doping of SWCNTs with Superacids 912.3.7 p-Doping with other Oxidizing Agents 952.3.8 Diameter Selective Doping 962.4 Practical Applications of Doped Nanotubes 992.5 Conclusions, Perspectives 100References 1013 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (X-CNTs) 113Stéphane Campidelli, Stanislaus S. Wong and Maurizio Prato3.1 Introduction 1133.2 Functionalization Routes 1133.2.1 Noncovalent Sidewall Functionalization of SWCNTs 1143.2.2 Covalent Functionalization of SWCNTs 1143.3 Properties and Applications 1253.3.1 Electron Transfer Properties and Photovoltaic Applications 1253.3.2 Chemical Sensors (FET-Based) 1373.3.3 Opto-Electronic Devices (FET-Based) 1393.3.4 Biosensors 1453.4 Conclusion 149References 1504 Decorated (Coated) Carbon Nanotubes (X/CNTs) 163Revathi R. Bacsa and Philippe Serp4.1 Introduction 1634.2 Metal-Nanotube Interactions – Theoretical Aspects 1664.2.1 Curvature-Induced Effects 1684.2.2 Effect of Defects and Vacancies on the Metal-Graphite Interactions 1694.3 Carbon Nanotube Surface Activation 1704.4 Methods for Carbon Nanotube Coating 1714.4.1 Deposition from Solution 1714.4.2 Self-Assembly Methods 1784.4.3 Electro- and Electrophoretic Deposition 1834.4.4 Deposition from Gas Phase 1874.4.5 Nanoparticles Decorating Inner Surfaces of Carbon Nanotubes 1904.5 Characterization of Decorated Nanotubes 1914.5.1 Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction 1914.5.2 Spectroscopic Methods 1924.5.3 Porosity and Surface Area 1964.6 Applications of Decorated Nanotubes 1964.6.1 Sensors 1964.6.2 Catalysis 1984.6.3 Fuel Cells 2024.6.4 Hydrogen Storage 2044.7 Decorated Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine 2054.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 207References 2085 Filled Carbon Nanotubes 2235.1 Presentation of Chapter 5 2235a Filled Carbon Nanotubes: (X@CNTs) 225Jeremy Sloan and Marc Monthioux5a.1 Introduction 2255a.2 Synthesis of X@CNTs 2275a.2.1 A Glimpse at the Past 2275a.2.2 The Expectations with Filling CNTs 2285a.2.3 Filling Parameters, Routes and Mechanisms 2295a.2.4 Materials for Filling 2405a.2.5 Filling Mechanisms 2455a.3 Behaviours and Properties 2475a.3.1 Peculiar in-Tube Behaviour (Diffusion, Coalescence, Crystallization) 2475a.3.2 Electronic Properties (Transport, Magnetism and Others) 2525a.4 Applications (Demonstrated or Expected) 2565a.4.1 Applications that Make Use of MassTransport Properties 2565a.4.2 Applications Arising as a Result of Filling 258Acknowledgements 261References 2615b Fullerenes inside Carbon Nanotubes: The Peapods 273F. Simon and Marc Monthioux5b.1 Introduction 2735b.2 The Discovery of Fullerene Peapods 2745b.3 Classification of Peapods 2775b.4 Synthesis and Behavior of Fullerene Peapods 2795b.4.1 Synthesis of Peapods 2795b.4.2 Behavior of Peapods under Various Treatments 2895b.5 Properties of Peapods 2955b.5.1 Structural Properties 2955b.5.2 Peapod Band Structure from Theory and Experiment 2985b.5.3 Transport Properties 3015b.5.4 Optical Properties 3025b.5.5 Vibrational Properties 3035b.5.6 Magnetic Properties 3055b.6 Applications of Peapods 3085b.6.1 Demonstrated Applications 3085b.6.2 Expected Applications 310Acknowledgements 314References 3146 Heterogeneous Nanotubes (X*CNTs, X*BNNTs) 323Dmitri Golberg, Mauricio Terrones6.1 Overall Introduction 3236.2 Pure BN Nanotubes 3246.2.1 Introduction 3246.2.2 Synthesis of BN Nanotubes 3256.2.3 Morphology and Structure of BN Nanotubes 3316.2.4 Properties of BN Nanotubes 3376.2.5 Stability of BN Nanotubes to High-Energy Irradiation 3466.2.6 Boron Nitride Meta-Nanotubes 3466.2.7 Other BN Nanomaterials 3536.2.8 Challenging Applications 3556.3 BxCyNz Nanotubes and Nanofibers 3596.3.1 Tuning the Electronic Structure with C-Substituted BN Nanotubes 3596.3.2 Production and Characterization of BxCyNz Nanotubes and Nanofibers 3626.4 B-Substituted or N-Substituted Carbon Nanotubes 3686.4.1 Substituting Carbon Nanotubes with B or N 3686.4.2 Synthesis Strategies for Producing Bor N-Substituted CNTs 3706.4.3 Morphology and Structure of Substituted CNTs 3746.4.4 Properties of Substituted CNTs 3796.4.5 Applications of Substituted CNTs 3856.5 Perspectives and Future Outlook 392Acknowledgements 394References 395Index