Michael U Hensel is an architect, writer and principal researcher in OCEAN and the Emergence and Design Group, as well as a board member of BIONIS (the Biomimetic Network for Industrial Sustainability), and co-founder and co-director of the Emergent Technologies and Design masters programme at the Architectural Association School of Architecture. He is also on the editorial boards of AD and JBE (the Journal for Bionic Engineering). Recent publications include AD Emergence: Morphogenetic Design Strategies (2004), AD Techniques and Technologies in Morphogenetic Design (2006), and Morpho-Ecologies (AA Publications, 2006). Forthcoming publications include a book entitled Heterogeneous Space Reader, which he is co-editing with Professor Christopher Hight and Professor Achim Menges, to be published by John Wiley and Sons in early 2009. He is currently working on the concept and content for a peer-reviewed architectural research journal that will focus on research by design. www.ocean-north.netProfessor Achim Menges is an architect and partner in OCEAN and the Emergence and Design Group. He studied at the Technical University Darmstadt and graduated from the Architectural Association with Honours. He has taught at the AA as Studio Master of the Emergent Technologies and Design masters programme since 2002, and as Unit Master of Diploma Unit 4 from 2003 to 2006. Since 2005 he has been Professor of Form Generation and Materialization at the HfG Offenbach University for Art and Design in Germany. His research focuses on the development of integral design processes at the intersection of evolutionary computation, parametric design, biomimetic engineering and computer-aided manufacturing that enable a highly articulated, performative built environment. His research projects have been published and exhibited in Europe, Asia and the US. He received the FEIDAD (Far Eastern International Digital Architectural Design) Outstanding Design Award in 2002, the FEIDAD Design Merit Award in 2003, the Archiprix International Award 2003, RIBA Tutor Price 2004, the International Bentley Educator of the Year Award 2005 and the ACADIA 2007 Award for Emerging Digital Practice.www.achimmenges.netwww.ocean-north.net

• 4 EditorialHelen Castle6 IntroductionVersatility and Vicissitude An Introduction to Performance in Morpho-Ecological DesignMichael Hensel and Achim Menges12 Form, Force and Structure A Brief HistoryRemo Pedreschi20Form, Force, Performance Multi-Parametric Structural DesignKlaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann26Metabolism and MorphologyMichael Weinstock34Material PerformanceMichael Hensel, Defne Sungurog¢lu and Achim Menges42Manufacturing PerformanceAchim Menges48 Performance-Oriented Design Precursors and PotentialsMichael Hensel54 Inclusive Performance: Efficiency Versus Effectiveness Towards a Morpho-Ecological Approach for DesignMichael Hensel and Achim Menges64 Complex Brick AssembliesDefne Sunguroglu74 Membrane SpacesMichael Hensel and Achim Menges80AggregatesMichael Hensel and Achim Menges88Environmental IntensifiersAleksandra Jaeschke96Engineering EcologiesPeter Trummer102Designing Morpho-Ecologies Versatility and Vicissitude of Heterogeneous SpaceMichael Hensel and Achim Menges114+Interior EyeCraftsteak, New YorkJayne Merkel118+Building ProfilePublic Toilet, GravesendDavid Littlefield122+Practice Profilem3architectureMark Taylor128+Unit FactorRenewable Types and the Urban PlanChristopher Lee and Sam Jacoby132+Spiller’s BitsIn Praise of the BlurNeil Spiller134+Yeang’s Eco-FilesRecharging your Bio-Batteries with a Can of CokeKen Yeang136+McLean’s NuggetsWill McLean138+UserscapeThe Social CallValentina Croci142+Site LinesMaking Waves at East Beach CaféHoward Watson

Michael U Hensel is an architect, writer and principal researcher in OCEAN and the Emergence and Design Group, as well as a board member of BIONIS (the Biomimetic Network for Industrial Sustainability), and co-founder and co-director of the Emergent Technologies and Design masters programme at the Architectural Association School of Architecture. He is also on the editorial boards of AD and JBE (the Journal for Bionic Engineering). Recent publications include AD Emergence: Morphogenetic Design Strategies (2004), AD Techniques and Technologies in Morphogenetic Design (2006), and Morpho-Ecologies (AA Publications, 2006). Forthcoming publications include a book entitled Heterogeneous Space Reader, which he is co-editing with Professor Christopher Hight and Professor Achim Menges, to be published by John Wiley and Sons in early 2009. He is currently working on the concept and content for a peer-reviewed architectural research journal that will focus on research by design. www.ocean-north.netProfessor Achim Menges is an architect and partner in OCEAN and the Emergence and Design Group. He studied at the Technical University Darmstadt and graduated from the Architectural Association with Honours. He has taught at the AA as Studio Master of the Emergent Technologies and Design masters programme since 2002, and as Unit Master of Diploma Unit 4 from 2003 to 2006. Since 2005 he has been Professor of Form Generation and Materialization at the HfG Offenbach University for Art and Design in Germany. His research focuses on the development of integral design processes at the intersection of evolutionary computation, parametric design, biomimetic engineering and computer-aided manufacturing that enable a highly articulated, performative built environment. His research projects have been published and exhibited in Europe, Asia and the US. He received the FEIDAD (Far Eastern International Digital Architectural Design) Outstanding Design Award in 2002, the FEIDAD Design Merit Award in 2003, the Archiprix International Award 2003, RIBA Tutor Price 2004, the International Bentley Educator of the Year Award 2005 and the ACADIA 2007 Award for Emerging Digital Practice.www.achimmenges.netwww.ocean-north.net

• 4 EditorialHelen Castle6 IntroductionVersatility and Vicissitude An Introduction to Performance in Morpho-Ecological DesignMichael Hensel and Achim Menges12 Form, Force and Structure A Brief HistoryRemo Pedreschi20Form, Force, Performance Multi-Parametric Structural DesignKlaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann26Metabolism and MorphologyMichael Weinstock34Material PerformanceMichael Hensel, Defne Sungurog¢lu and Achim Menges42Manufacturing PerformanceAchim Menges48 Performance-Oriented Design Precursors and PotentialsMichael Hensel54 Inclusive Performance: Efficiency Versus Effectiveness Towards a Morpho-Ecological Approach for DesignMichael Hensel and Achim Menges64 Complex Brick AssembliesDefne Sunguroglu74 Membrane SpacesMichael Hensel and Achim Menges80AggregatesMichael Hensel and Achim Menges88Environmental IntensifiersAleksandra Jaeschke96Engineering EcologiesPeter Trummer102Designing Morpho-Ecologies Versatility and Vicissitude of Heterogeneous SpaceMichael Hensel and Achim Menges114+Interior EyeCraftsteak, New YorkJayne Merkel118+Building ProfilePublic Toilet, GravesendDavid Littlefield122+Practice Profilem3architectureMark Taylor128+Unit FactorRenewable Types and the Urban PlanChristopher Lee and Sam Jacoby132+Spiller’s BitsIn Praise of the BlurNeil Spiller134+Yeang’s Eco-FilesRecharging your Bio-Batteries with a Can of CokeKen Yeang136+McLean’s NuggetsWill McLean138+UserscapeThe Social CallValentina Croci142+Site LinesMaking Waves at East Beach CaféHoward Watson

Michael U Hensel is an architect, writer and principal researcher in OCEAN and the Emergence and Design Group, as well as a board member of BIONIS (the Biomimetic Network for Industrial Sustainability), and co-founder and co-director of the Emergent Technologies and Design masters programme at the Architectural Association School of Architecture. He is also on the editorial boards of AD and JBE (the Journal for Bionic Engineering). Recent publications include AD Emergence: Morphogenetic Design Strategies (2004), AD Techniques and Technologies in Morphogenetic Design (2006), and Morpho-Ecologies (AA Publications, 2006). Forthcoming publications include a book entitled Heterogeneous Space Reader, which he is co-editing with Professor Christopher Hight and Professor Achim Menges, to be published by John Wiley and Sons in early 2009. He is currently working on the concept and content for a peer-reviewed architectural research journal that will focus on research by design. www.ocean-north.netProfessor Achim Menges is an architect and partner in OCEAN and the Emergence and Design Group. He studied at the Technical University Darmstadt and graduated from the Architectural Association with Honours. He has taught at the AA as Studio Master of the Emergent Technologies and Design masters programme since 2002, and as Unit Master of Diploma Unit 4 from 2003 to 2006. Since 2005 he has been Professor of Form Generation and Materialization at the HfG Offenbach University for Art and Design in Germany. His research focuses on the development of integral design processes at the intersection of evolutionary computation, parametric design, biomimetic engineering and computer-aided manufacturing that enable a highly articulated, performative built environment. His research projects have been published and exhibited in Europe, Asia and the US. He received the FEIDAD (Far Eastern International Digital Architectural Design) Outstanding Design Award in 2002, the FEIDAD Design Merit Award in 2003, the Archiprix International Award 2003, RIBA Tutor Price 2004, the International Bentley Educator of the Year Award 2005 and the ACADIA 2007 Award for Emerging Digital Practice.www.achimmenges.netwww.ocean-north.net

• 4 EditorialHelen Castle6 IntroductionVersatility and Vicissitude An Introduction to Performance in Morpho-Ecological DesignMichael Hensel and Achim Menges12 Form, Force and Structure A Brief HistoryRemo Pedreschi20Form, Force, Performance Multi-Parametric Structural DesignKlaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann26Metabolism and MorphologyMichael Weinstock34Material PerformanceMichael Hensel, Defne Sungurog¢lu and Achim Menges42Manufacturing PerformanceAchim Menges48 Performance-Oriented Design Precursors and PotentialsMichael Hensel54 Inclusive Performance: Efficiency Versus Effectiveness Towards a Morpho-Ecological Approach for DesignMichael Hensel and Achim Menges64 Complex Brick AssembliesDefne Sunguroglu74 Membrane SpacesMichael Hensel and Achim Menges80AggregatesMichael Hensel and Achim Menges88Environmental IntensifiersAleksandra Jaeschke96Engineering EcologiesPeter Trummer102Designing Morpho-Ecologies Versatility and Vicissitude of Heterogeneous SpaceMichael Hensel and Achim Menges114+Interior EyeCraftsteak, New YorkJayne Merkel118+Building ProfilePublic Toilet, GravesendDavid Littlefield122+Practice Profilem3architectureMark Taylor128+Unit FactorRenewable Types and the Urban PlanChristopher Lee and Sam Jacoby132+Spiller’s BitsIn Praise of the BlurNeil Spiller134+Yeang’s Eco-FilesRecharging your Bio-Batteries with a Can of CokeKen Yeang136+McLean’s NuggetsWill McLean138+UserscapeThe Social CallValentina Croci142+Site LinesMaking Waves at East Beach CaféHoward Watson