Tribology of Ceramics and Composites

Bikramjit Basu, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (on leave) and currently at the Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Mitjan Kalin, PhD, is Professor and Head of the Centre for Tribology and Technical Diagnostics at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, where he is also Vice-Dean for Research and International Affairs in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

• PREFACE xvii FOREWORD BY PROF. IAN HUTCHINGS xxiFOREWORD BY PROF. KARL-HEINZ ZUM GAHR xxiiiABOUT THE AUTHORS xxvSECTION I FUNDAMENTALSCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3References 6CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW: TRIBOLOGICAL MATERIALS 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Definition and Classification of Ceramics 82.3 Properties of Structural Ceramics 92.4 Applications of Structural Ceramics 112.5 Closing Remarks 14References 16CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 183.1 Theory of Brittle Fracture 183.2 Cracking in Brittle Materials 233.3 Definition and Measurement of Basic Mechanical Properties 243.4 Toughening Mechanisms 333.5 Closing Remarks 37References 37CHAPTER 4 SURFACES AND CONTACTS 394.1 Surface Roughness 394.2 Surface Topography and Asperities 414.3 Real Contact Area 424.4 Contact Load Distribution and Hertzian Stresses 444.5 Closing Remarks 47References 48CHAPTER 5 FRICTION 495.1 Introduction 495.2 Laws of Friction 495.3 Friction Mechanisms 515.4 Friction of Common Engineering Materials 545.5 Closing Remarks 58References 59CHAPTER 6 FRICTIONAL HEATING AND CONTACT TEMPERATURE 606.1 Tribological Process and Contact Temperature 606.2 Concept of “Bulk” and “Flash” Temperature 616.3 Importance and Relevance of Some Ready-to-Use Analytical Models 636.4 Review of Some Frequently Employed Ready-to-Use Models 64References 68CHAPTER 7 WEAR MECHANISMS 707.1 Introduction 707.2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms 727.3 Closing Remarks 98References 99CHAPTER 8 LUBRICATION 1018.1 Lubrication Regimes 1018.2 Stribeck Curve 107References 109SECTION II FRICTION AND WEAR OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICSCHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW: STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 1139.1 Introduction 1139.2 Zirconia Crystal Structures and Transformation Characteristics of Tetragonal Zirconia 1149.3 Transformation Toughening 1169.4 Stabilization of Tetragonal Zirconia 1179.5 Different Factors Infl uencing Transformation Toughening 1189.6 Stress-Induced Microcracking 1259.7 Development of SiAlON Ceramics 1269.8 Microstructure of S-sialon Ceramics 1279.9 Mechanical Properties and Crack Bridging of SiAlON Ceramic 1299.10 Properties of Titanium Diboride Ceramics 132References 138CHAPTER 10 CASE STUDY: TRANSFORMATION-TOUGHENED ZIRCONIA 14210.1 Background 14210.2 Wear Resistance 14410.3 Morphological Characterization of the Worn Surfaces 14610.4 Zirconia Phase Transformation and Wear Behavior 14910.5 Wear Mechanisms 15210.6 Relationship among Microstructure, Toughness, and Wear 15410.7 Infl uence of Humidity on Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Zirconia 15610.8 Wear Mechanisms in Different Humidity 15710.9 Tribochemical Wear in High Humidity 16010.10 Closing Remarks 163References 164CHAPTER 11 CASE STUDY: SIALON CERAMICS 16711.1 Introduction 16711.2 Materials and Experiments 16811.3 Tribological Properties of Compositionally Tailored Sialon versus β-Sialon 17211.4 Tribological Properties of S-Sialon Ceramic 17911.5 Concluding Remarks 182References 183CHAPTER 12 CASE STUDY: MAX PHASE—TI3SIC2 18512.1 Background 18512.2 Frictional Behavior 18812.3 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 18812.4 Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis 19012.5 Transition in Wear Mechanisms 19312.6 Summary 194References 195CHAPTER 13 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM DIBORIDE CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES 19713.1 Introduction 19713.2 Materials and Experiments 19813.3 Tribological Properties of TiB2–MoSi2 Ceramics 20013.4 Tribological Properties of TiB2–TiSi2 Ceramics 20413.5 Closing Remarks 206References 208SECTION III FRICTION AND WEAR OF BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITESCHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW: BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES 21314.1 Introduction 21314.2 Some Useful Definitions and Their Implications 21514.3 Experimental Evaluation of Biocompatibility 21714.4 Wear of Implants 22114.5 Coating on Metals 22314.6 Glass-Ceramics 22414.7 Biocompatible Ceramics 22614.8 Outlook 228References 229CHAPTER 15 CASE STUDY: POLYMER-CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 23315.1 Introduction 23315.2 Materials and Experiments 23515.3 Frictional Behavior 23715.4 Wear-Resistance Properties 24015.5 Wear Mechanisms 24215.6 Correlation among Wear Resistance, Wear Mechanisms, Material Properties, and Contact Pressure 24715.7 Concluding Remarks 248References 249CHAPTER 16 CASE STUDY: NATURAL TOOTH AND DENTAL RESTORATIVE MATERIALS 25116.1 Introduction 25116.2 Materials and Methods 25416.3 Tribological Tests on Tooth Material 25516.4 Production and Characterization of Glass-Ceramics 25516.5 Wear Experiments on Glass-Ceramics 25616.6 Microstructure and Hardness of Human Tooth Material 25716.7 Tribological Properties of Human Tooth Material 26016.8 Wear Properties of Glass-Ceramics 26216.9 Discussion of Wear Mechanisms of Glass-Ceramics 26616.10 Comparison with Existing Glass-Ceramic Materials 27116.11 Concluding Remarks 273References 274CHAPTER 17 CASE STUDY: GLASS-INFILTRATED ALUMINA 27617.1 Introduction 27617.2 Materials and Experiments 27717.3 Frictional Properties 27817.4 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 27817.5 Wear Debris Analysis and Tribochemical Reactions 28217.6 Influence of Glass Infi ltration on Wear Properties 28317.7 Concluding Remarks 284References 285CHAPTER 18 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 28718.1 Background 28718.2 Tribological Properties of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite 28818.3 Friction and Wear Rate 28818.4 Concluding Remarks 298References 302SECTION IV FRICTION AND WEAR OF NANOCERAMICSCHAPTER 19 OVERVIEW: NANOCERAMIC COMPOSITES 30719.1 Introduction 30719.2 Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics 30919.3 Overview of Developed Nanoceramics and Ceramic Nanocomposites 30919.4 Overview of Tribological Properties of Ceramic Nanocomposites 31819.5 Concluding Remarks 320References 322CHAPTER 20 CASE STUDY: NANOCRYSTALLINE YTTRIA-STABILIZED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS 32520.1 Introduction 32520.2 Materials and Experiments 32720.3 Tribological Properties 32920.4 Tribomechanical Wear of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanoceramic with Varying Yttria Dopant 33020.5 Comparison with Other Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics 33520.6 Concluding Remarks 335References 336CHAPTER 21 CASE STUDY: NANOSTRUCTURED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE–ZIRCONIA NANOCOMPOSITES 33821.1 Introduction 33821.2 Materials and Experiments 33921.3 Friction and Wear Characteristics 34021.4 Wear Mechanisms 34521.5 Explanation of High Wear Resistance of Ceramic Nanocomposites 34721.6 Concluding Remarks 349References 349SECTION V LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITES AND CERMETSCHAPTER 22 OVERVIEW: LIGHTWEIGHT METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES AND CERMETS 35322.1 Development of Metal Matrix Composites 35322.2 Development of Cermets 356References 358CHAPTER 23 CASE STUDY: MAGNESIUM–SILICON CARBIDE PARTICULATEREINFORCED COMPOSITES 36223.1 Introduction 36223.2 Materials and Experiments 36323.3 Load-Dependent Friction and Wear Properties 36323.4 Fretting-Duration-Dependent Tribological Properties 36623.5 Tribochemical Wear of Magnesium–Silicon Carbide Particulate-Reinforced Composites 37123.6 Concluding Remarks 375References 376CHAPTER 24 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE–NICKELBASED CERMETS 37724.1 Introduction 37724.2 Materials and Experiments 37924.3 Energy Dissipation and Abrasion at Low Load 38124.4 Influence of Type of Secondary Carbides on Sliding Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Nickel Cermets 38624.5 Tribochemical Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Based Cermets 38724.6 Influence of Tungsten Carbide Content on Load-Dependent Sliding Wear Properties 39324.7 High Temperature Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Nickel Cermets 39724.8 Summary of Key Results 403References 404CHAPTER 25 CASE STUDY: (W,Ti)C–CO CERMETS 40725.1 Introduction 40725.2 Materials and Experiments 40825.3 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 40925.4 Wear Properties 41025.5 Correlation between Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance 41325.6 Concluding Remarks 418References 419SECTION VI FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENTCHAPTER 26 OVERVIEW: CRYOGENIC WEAR PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 42326.1 Background 42326.2 Designing a High-Speed Cryogenic Wear Tester 42526.3 Summary of Results Obtained with Ductile Metals 42726.4 Summary 437References 437CHAPTER 27 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF ALUMINA IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT 43927.1 Background 43927.2 Materials and Experiments 44027.3 Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Alumina 44227.4 Genesis of Tribological Behavior in a Cryogenic Environment 44927.5 Concluding Remarks 452References 452CHAPTER 28 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SELF-MATED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA CERAMICS IN LIQUID NITROGEN 45428.1 Introduction 45428.2 Materials and Experiments 45628.3 Friction of Self-Mated Y-TZP Material in LN2 45628.4 Cryogenic Wear of Zirconia 45928.5 Cryogenic Sliding-Induced Zirconia Phase Transformation 46028.6 Wear Mechanisms of Zirconia in LN2 46428.7 Concluding Remarks 466References 467CHAPTER 29 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SILICON CARBIDE IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT 46929.1 Introduction 46929.2 Materials and Experiments 47029.3 Friction and Wear Properties 47029.4 Thermal Aspect and Limited Tribochemical Wear 47329.5 Tribomechanical Stress-Assisted Deformation and Damage 47929.6 Comparison with Sliding Wear Properties of Oxide Ceramics 48129.7 Concluding Remarks 482References 483SECTION VII WATER-LUBRICATED WEAR OF CERAMICSCHAPTER 30 FRICTION AND WEAR OF OXIDE CERAMICS IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 48730.1 Background 48730.2 Tribological Behavior of Alumina in an Aqueous Solution 48830.3 Tribological Behavior of Self-Mated Zirconia in an Aqueous Environment 49330.4 Concluding Remarks 499References 500SECTION VIII CLOSURECHAPTER 31 PERSPECTIVE FOR DESIGNING MATERIALS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 505INDEX 509