Software Evolution and Maintenance

Priyadarshi (Piyu) Tripathy, PhD, is a Director at Knowledge Trust, Bhubaneswar, India. Dr. Tripathy has worked in the field of Software Testing and Maintenance for Cisco Systems, Airvana, Inc. and NEC Laboratories, America Inc. in U. S. A. He has co-authored (with Dr. Naik) a textbook entitled Software Testing and Quality Assurance: Theory and Practice.Kshirasagar (Sagar) Naik, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo. He has over twenty-four years of academic and industry experience in India, Japan, and Canada, including three years in Wipro Information Technology Limited, Bangalore.

• Preface xiiiList of Figures xviiList of Tables xxi1 Basic Concepts and Preliminaries 11.1 Evolution Versus Maintenance, 11.1.1 Software Evolution, 31.1.2 Software Maintenance, 41.2 Software Evolution Models and Processes, 61.3 Reengineering, 91.4 Legacy Systems, 111.5 Impact Analysis, 121.6 Refactoring, 131.7 Program Comprehension, 141.8 Software Reuse, 151.9 Outline of the Book, 16References, 18Exercises, 232 Taxonomy of Software Maintenance and Evolution 252.1 General Idea, 252.1.1 Intention-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 262.1.2 Activity-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 282.1.3 Evidence-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 282.2 Categories of Maintenance Concepts, 372.2.1 Maintained Product, 372.2.2 Maintenance Types, 402.2.3 Maintenance Organization Processes, 412.2.4 Peopleware, 432.3 Evolution of Software Systems, 442.3.1 SPE Taxonomy, 462.3.2 Laws of Software Evolution, 492.3.3 Empirical Studies, 542.3.4 Practical Implications of the Laws, 562.3.5 Evolution of FOSS Systems, 582.4 Maintenance of Cots-Based Systems, 612.4.1 Why Maintenance of CBS Is Difficult?, 622.4.2 Maintenance Activities for CBSs, 652.4.3 Design Properties of Component-Based Systems, 672.5 Summary, 70Literature Review, 73References, 75Exercises, 803 Evolution and Maintenance Models 833.1 General Idea, 833.2 Reuse-Oriented Model, 843.3 The Staged Model for Closed Source Software, 873.4 The Staged Model for Free, Libre, Open Source Software, 903.5 Change Mini-Cycle Model, 913.6 IEEE/EIA Maintenance Process, 943.7 ISO/IEC 14764 Maintenance Process, 993.8 Software Configuration Management, 1113.8.1 Brief History, 1123.8.2 SCM Spectrum of Functionality, 1133.8.3 SCM Process, 1173.9 CR Workflow, 1193.10 Summary, 125Literature Review, 126References, 129Exercises, 1314 Reengineering 1334.1 General Idea, 1334.2 Reengineering Concepts, 1354.3 A General Model for Software Reengineering, 1374.3.1 Types of Changes, 1404.3.2 Software Reengineering Strategies, 1414.3.3 Reengineering Variations, 1434.4 Reengineering Process, 1444.4.1 Reengineering Approaches, 1444.4.2 Source Code Reengineering Reference Model, 1464.4.3 Phase Reengineering Model, 1504.5 Code Reverse Engineering, 1534.6 Techniques Used for Reverse Engineering, 1564.6.1 Lexical Analysis, 1574.6.2 Syntactic Analysis, 1574.6.3 Control Flow Analysis, 1574.6.4 Data Flow Analysis, 1584.6.5 Program Slicing, 1584.6.6 Visualization, 1604.6.7 Program Metrics, 1624.7 Decompilation Versus Reverse Engineering, 1644.8 Data Reverse Engineering, 1654.8.1 Data Structure Extraction, 1684.8.2 Data Structure Conceptualization, 1694.9 Reverse Engineering Tools, 1704.10 Summary, 174Literature Review, 176References, 178Exercises, 1855 Legacy Information Systems 1875.1 General Idea, 1875.2 Wrapping, 1895.2.1 Types of Wrapping, 1895.2.2 Levels of Encapsulation, 1915.2.3 Constructing a Wrapper, 1925.2.4 Adapting a Program for Wrapper, 1945.2.5 Screen Scraping, 1945.3 Migration, 1955.4 Migration Planning, 1965.5 Migration Methods, 2025.5.1 Cold Turkey, 2025.5.2 Database First, 2035.5.3 Database Last, 2045.5.4 Composite Database, 2055.5.5 Chicken Little, 2065.5.6 Butterfly, 2085.5.7 Iterative, 2125.6 Summary, 217Literature Review, 218References, 219Exercises, 2216 Impact Analysis 2236.1 General Idea, 2236.2 Impact Analysis Process, 2256.2.1 Identifying the SIS, 2286.2.2 Analysis of Traceability Graph, 2296.2.3 Identifying the Candidate Impact Set, 2316.3 Dependency-Based Impact Analysis, 2346.3.1 Call Graph, 2346.3.2 Program Dependency Graph, 2356.4 Ripple Effect, 2386.4.1 Computing Ripple Effect, 2386.5 Change Propagation Model, 2426.5.1 Recall and Precision of Change Propagation Heuristics, 2436.5.2 Heuristics for Change Propagation, 2456.5.3 Empirical Studies, 2466.6 Summary, 247Literature Review, 248References, 249Exercises, 2537 Refactoring 2557.1 General Idea, 2557.2 Activities in a Refactoring Process, 2587.2.1 Identify What to Refactor, 2587.2.2 Determine Which Refactorings Should be Applied, 2597.2.3 Ensure that Refactoring Preserves the Behavior of the Software, 2617.2.4 Apply the Refactorings to the Chosen Entities, 2627.2.5 Evaluate the Impacts of the Refactorings on Quality, 2637.2.6 Maintain Consistency of Software Artifacts, 2657.3 Formalisms for Refactoring, 2657.3.1 Assertions, 2657.3.2 Graph Transformation, 2667.3.3 Software Metrics, 2677.4 More Examples of Refactorings, 2717.5 Initial Work on Software Restructuring, 2737.5.1 Factors Influencing Software Structure, 2737.5.2 Classification of Restructuring Approaches, 2757.5.3 Restructuring Techniques, 2767.6 Summary, 282Literature Review, 283References, 286Exercises, 2888 Program Comprehension 2898.1 General Idea, 2898.2 Basic Terms, 2918.2.1 Goal of Code Cognition, 2918.2.2 Knowledge, 2918.2.3 Mental Model, 2938.2.4 Understanding Code, 2968.3 Cognition Models for Program Understanding, 2988.3.1 Letovsky Model, 2988.3.2 Shneiderman and Mayer Model, 3018.3.3 Brooks Model, 3038.3.4 Soloway, Adelson, and Ehrlich Model, 3088.3.5 Pennington Model, 3108.3.6 Integrated Metamodel, 3128.4 Protocol Analysis, 3158.5 Visualization for Comprehension, 3178.6 Summary, 321Literature Review, 321References, 322Exercises, 3249 Reuse and Domain Engineering 3259.1 General Idea, 3259.1.1 Benefits of Reuse, 3279.1.2 Reuse Models, 3279.1.3 Factors Influencing Reuse, 3289.1.4 Success Factors of Reuse, 3299.2 Domain Engineering, 3299.2.1 Draco, 3319.2.2 DARE, 3319.2.3 FAST, 3319.2.4 FORM, 3319.2.5 KobrA, 3329.2.6 PLUS, 3329.2.7 PuLSE, 3329.2.8 Koala, 3329.2.9 RSEB, 3329.3 Reuse Capability, 3339.4 Maturity Models, 3349.4.1 Reuse Maturity Model, 3349.4.2 Reuse Capability Model, 3369.4.3 RiSE Maturity Model, 3389.5 Economic Models of Software Reuse, 3409.5.1 Cost Model of Gaffney and Durek, 3469.5.2 Application System Cost Model of Gaffney and Cruickshank, 3489.5.3 Business Model of Poulin and Caruso, 3509.6 Summary, 352Literature Review, 352References, 353Exercises, 356Glossary 359Index 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