Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer

Louis Theodore EngScD, a professor of chemical engineering for fifty years, is the author of many Wiley books, including Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer, Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, and Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. He is also a contributor and Section Editor to Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook and coauthor of Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition, which is also published by Wiley. Dr. Theodore is currently a consultant to Theodore Tutorials, located in East Williston, New York.

“It provides an excellent in-depth analysis of many exchanger designs, giving the reader an understanding of critical design parameters and many rule-of-thumb recommendations.”  (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 May 2013)

• Preface xv Introductory Comments xviiPart One Introduction1. History of Heat Transfer 3Introduction 3Peripheral Equipment 4Recent History 5References 62. History of Chemical Engineering: Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 7Introduction 7History of Chemical Engineering 8Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 10What is Engineering? 12References 133. Process Variables 15Introduction 15Units and Dimensional Consistency 16Key Terms and Definitions 19Fluids 19Temperature 19Pressure 20Moles and Molecular Weights 22Mass and Volume 23Viscosity 25Heat Capacity 27Thermal Conductivity 28Thermal Diffusivity 30Reynolds Number 30Kinetic Energy 31Potential Energy 32Determination of Dimensionless Groups 33References 364. Conservation Laws 37Introduction 37The Conservation Laws 38The Conservation Law for Momentum 38The Conservation Law for Mass 40The Conservation Law for Energy 45References 545. Gas Laws 55Introduction 55Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws 56The Ideal Gas Law 57Standard Conditions 60Partial Pressure and Partial Volume 63Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 65References 656. Heat Exchanger Pipes and Tubes 67Introduction 67Pipes 67Tubes 73Valves and Fittings 75Valves 75Fittings 77Noncircular Conduits 78Flow Considerations 80References 83Part Two Principles7. Steady-State Heat Conduction 87Introduction 87Fourier’s Law 87Conductivity Resistances 90Microscopic Approach 99Applications 102References 1148. Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 115Introduction 115Classification of Unsteady-State Heat Conduction Processes 116Microscopic Equations 117Applications 118References 1309. Forced Convection 131Introduction 131Convective Resistances 134Heat Transfer Coefficients: Qualitative Information 137Heat Transfer Coefficients: Quantitative Information 138Flow Past a Flat Plate 141Flow in a Circular Tube 146Liquid Metal Flow in a Circular Tube 147Convection Across Cylinders 148Microscopic Approach 155References 15910. Free Convection 161Introduction 161Key Dimensionless Numbers 162Describing Equations 164Environmental Applications 171Lapse Rates 171Plume Rise 173References 17611. Radiation 177Introduction 177Energy and Intensity 180Radiant Exchange 183Kirchoff’s Law 184Emissivity Factors 189View Factors 196References 20012. Condensation and Boiling 201Introduction 201Condensation Fundamentals 203Phase Equilibrium 205Psychrometric Chart 207Steam Tables 208Condensation Principles 209Boiling Fundamentals 215Boiling Principles 218References 22513. Refrigeration and Cryogenics 227Introduction 227Background Material 228Refrigeration 228Cryogenics 230Liquefaction 231Cryogens 232Equipment 234Typical Heat Exchangers 234Materials of Construction 235Insulation and Heat Loss 236Storage and Transportation 240Hazards, Risks, and Safety 241Physiological Hazards 241Physical Hazards 242Chemical Hazards 244Basic Principles and Applications 244Coefficient of Performance 246Thermal Efficiency 248Entropy and Heat 252References 253Part Three Heat Transfer Equipment Design Procedures and Applications14. Introduction to Heat Exchangers 257Introduction 257Energy Relationships 258Heat Exchange Equipment Classification 260The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Driving Force 262Temperature Profiles 265Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 268Fouling Factors 271The Controlling Resistance 272Varying Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 276The Heat Transfer Equation 278References 27915. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers 281Introduction 281Equipment Description 282Describing Equations 286Calculation of Exit Temperatures 298Effectiveness Factor and Number of Transfer Units 304Wilson’s Method 309References 31316. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 315Introduction 315Equipment Description 316Describing Equations 322The “F” Factor 328Effectiveness Factor and Number of Transfer Units 344References 35617. Fins and Extended Surfaces 357Introduction 357Fin Types 358Describing Equations 360Fin Effectiveness and Performance 371Fin Considerations 380References 38018. Other Heat Exchange Equipment 381Introduction 381Evaporators 382Mixing Effects 384Waste Heat Boilers 392Describing Equations 394Condensers 401Quenchers 404Dilution with Ambient Air 405Quenching with Liquids 405Contact with High Heat Capacity Solids 405Natural Convection and Radiation 406Forced-Draft Cooling 406References 41019. Insulation and Refractory 411Introduction 411Describing Equations 411Insulation 430Critical Insulation Thickness 431Refractory 435References 44220. Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection (OM&I) 443Introduction 443Installation Procedures 443Clearance Provisions 444Foundations 444Leveling 444Piping Considerations 444Operation 445Startup 446Shut Down 446Maintenance and Inspection 446Cleaning 446Testing 447Improving Operation and Performance 448References 44921. Entropy Considerations and Analysis 451Introduction 451Qualitative Review of the Second Law 452Describing Equations 453The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 455Applications 460References 46322. Design Principles and Industrial Applications 465Introduction 465General Design Procedures 466Process Schematics 467Purchasing a Heat Exchanger 468Applications 470References 490Part Four Special Topics23. Environmental Management 493Introduction 493Environmental Management History 493Environmental Management Topics 495Applications 496References 50324. Accident and Emergency Management 505Introduction 505Legislation 506Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 506Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) 507Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 508USEPA’s Risk Management Program (RMP) 509Hazard Risk Assessment 510Applications 513References 53125. Ethics 533Introduction 533Teaching Ethics 534The Case Study Approach 535Applications 537References 54026. Numerical Methods 541Introduction 541History 542Partial Differential Equations (PDE) 544Parabolic PDE 545Elliptical PDE 546Regresion Analysis 554Correlation Coefficient 557Optimization 560Perturbation Studies in Optimization 560References 56227. Economics and Finance 563Introduction 563The Need for Economic Analyses 563Definitions 565Simple Interest 565Compound Interest 565Present Worth 566Evaluation of Sums of Money 566Depreciation 567Fabricated Equipment Cost Index 567Capital Recovery Factor 567Present Net Worth 568Perpetual Life 568Break-Even Point 569Approximate Rate of Return 569Exact Rate of Return 569Bonds 570Incremental Cost 570Optimization 570Principles of Accounting 571Applications 573References 58828. Open-Ended Problems 589Introduction 589Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking 592Creativity 592Brainstorming 593Inquiring Minds 594Applications 594References 602Appendix A. Units 603Appendix B. Tables 613Appendix C. Figures 627Appendix D. Steam Tables 631Index 639