Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships

Geert Dewulf is Professor of Planning and Development and Head of the Department of Construction Management and Engineering at the University of Twente, The Netherlands. Anneloes Blanken is a policy advisor in the Dutch Ministry of Finance, The Netherlands and Mirjam Bult-Spiering is Secretary of the 3TU Federation, The Netherlands.

“I highly recommend the insightful and conceptual book. Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships, 2nd Edition by Geert Dewulf, Anneloes Blanken, and Mirjam Bult-Spiering, to anyone in public policy, elected office, industry leadership, engineering, finance, public watchdog organizations, non-profit organizations, academia, and graduate and undergraduate students in all disciplines who are seeking an approachable and well balanced guide to the ideas and principles involved in public private partnerships.”  (Blog Business World, 17 April 2012)

• Glossary ix Acknowledgments xiIntroduction xiii1 The Emergence of Concessions 11.1 The rise of public-private partnerships 31.1.1 New Public Management 51.1.2 The impact of NPM on the provision of public infrastructure 51.2 Different forms of public-private partnerships 71.2.1 The public-private spectrum 81.2.2 Typology and explanation 101.3 Concessions 101.3.1 History 121.3.2 Definitions 131.3.3 Motives 161.3.4 Explanation: Value for Money 191.4 Overview 212 Procurement of Concessions 232.1 Procurement strategies 242.1.1 Procurement types 252.2 The concession structure 282.2.1 Government role 292.2.2 Special Purpose Vehicle 292.2.3 Financing sources 312.3 Decision-making process 322.4 Tendering concessions 332.4.1 Market consultation or request for information (RFI) 342.4.2 Request for (pre)qualification (RFQ) 342.4.3 Invitation to tender or request for proposal (RFP) 352.4.4 Tender evaluation and short listing 362.4.5 Negotiation with short-listed tenders 362.4.6 Selection of the tender, award of concession, and financial close 362.5 Institutional procurement guidelines 372.5.1 European directives 372.5.2 Directives in the USA 402.5.3 The role of the institutional context in PPP developments 422.6 Contracts and cooperation 443 Infrastructure Concessions 493.1 Overview of developments 503.1.1 United Kingdom 503.1.2 Spain 523.1.3 Portugal 553.1.4 United States of America 583.1.5 Other global examples of PPP in economic infrastructure 603.2 International comparison 623.3 Lessons learnt 644 Social Infrastructure 654.1 Overview of development of concessions in health 674.1.1 United Kingdom 684.1.2 Reflections on social infrastructure concessions 724.1.3 Australia 724.2 Explanation of the similarities and differences between countries 774.3 Lessons learned and challenges 815 Concession PPPs and Flexibility 835.1 The incompleteness of contracts 845.2 Flexibility in hospital concessions 855.2.1 Changes in catchment’s population 865.2.2 Changes in medical technologies 865.2.3 Changes in policies 875.2.4 Design flexibility 875.2.5 Service flexibility 885.3 The way forward 936 Economic Context and Concessions 956.1 Financing of concessions 956.2 Project finance 966.2.1 Finance structure 966.2.2 Differences between financing economic and social infrastructure concessions 986.2.3 Refinancing 986.2.4 Banks versus bonds 996.3 The influence of the economic situation on concessions 1006.3.1 Effects credit crisis on concession projects 1016.3.2 Changes in concession processes 1056.3.3 Strategies for changing economic situations 1056.4 Looking forward 1097 Concessions and the Public Interest 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Public interest and concessions 1127.2.1 Safeguarding the public interest? 1127.2.2 Concessions and the public interest 1137.3 Institutional arrangements to safeguard the public interest 1147.4 Project governance strategies and the public interest 1178 Value for Money Revisited 1218.1 Value for Money: an introduction 1218.2 Ex-ante VFM assessment: the Public Sector Comparator 1238.2.1 Calculating the PSC 1248.2.2 Risks in assessing VFM by the PSC 1258.3 Criticisms of VFM assessment using the PSC 1288.3.1 The restricted measurement scope of the PSC 1288.3.2 Imperfect assessment methods in PSC benchmarking 1298.3.3 Propositions for ex-post VFM assessment methods 1348.4 Concessions evaluated 1368.4.1 Macro-economic effects 1368.4.2 Political motives 1388.4.3 State of the infrastructure 1408.4.4 Side effects 1418.5 Defining an improved VFM framework 1418.5.1 VFM: focus on risks and uncertainties 1428.5.2 VFM: an improved framework for monitoring and ex-post evaluation 1459 Conclusion – PPPs and Future Developments 1479.1 Concession arrangements in perspective 1479.1.1 Concession PPPs: a worldwide concept 1479.1.2 The debate on concession PPPs 1499.2 Concession arrangements revisited 1509.3 Towards a successful implementation of concession PPPs 1539.3.1 Strategy should follow structures 1539.3.2 Bundling and portfolio partnerships 1549.3.3 Focus on relationship building 1559.4 The future of concession PPPs 1559.4.1 A new business model 1569.4.2 Opportunities for extending the concession policy 1579.5 Research and education on concessions 158References 161Index 177