Gerd Masselink is a Professor in Coastal Geomorphology and Associate Head of Marine Science in the School of Marine Science and Engineering at Plymouth University, UK.  Gerd specialises in nearshore sediment transport processes, surf zone hydrodynamics and beach morphodynamics. Roland Gehrels is a Professor in Physical Geography at the University of York, UK. He studies sea-level changes over various timescales, but has a particular interest in regional sea-level variability during past centuries. Roland is the President of the Commission on Coastal and Marine Processes of the International Quaternary Union (INQUA). The Editors have published over 160 peer-reviewed articles in coastal and sea-level research.

“On balance, this book is a useful compilation of the driving forces acting on coasts followed by the geomorphological description of almost all coastal environments. Geography and geomorphology graduate students will find the book to be good background.”  (Geologica Belgica, 1 October 2015)

• Contributors, viii About the Companion Website, ix1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change, 1Gerd Masselink and Roland Gehrels1.1 Setting the scene, 11.2 Coastal morphodynamics, 51.3 Climate change, 131.4 Modelling coastal change, 181.5 Summary, 24Key publications, 25References, 252 Sea Level, 28Glenn A. Milne2.1 Introduction, 282.2 Quaternary sea-level change, 342.3 Recent and future sea-level change, 422.4 Summary, 49Key publications, 50Acknowledgements, 50References, 503 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments, 52Edward J. Anthony3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts, 523.2 Geology and coasts, 543.3 Sediments and coasts, 623.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts, 753.5 Climate change, geology and sediments, 753.6 Summary, 76Key publications, 77References, 774 Drivers: Waves and Tides, 79Daniel C. Conley4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment, 794.2 Waves, 794.3 Tides, 964.4 Summary, 102Key publications, 102References, 1035 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis, 104Adam D. Switzer5.1 Coastal hazards, 1045.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones, 1085.3 Tsunamis, 1145.4 Overwash, 1185.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards, 1215.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning, 1235.7 Cyclones in a warmer world, 1255.8 Summary, 126Key publications, 126References, 1266 Coastal Groundwater, 128William P. Anderson, Jr.6.1 Introduction, 1286.2 The subterranean estuary, 1296.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), 1336.4 Controls on SGD variability, 1346.5 Human influences, 1426.6 Influence of global climate change, 1466.7 Summary, 147Key publications, 148References, 1487 Beaches, 149Gerben Ruessink and Roshanka Ranasinghe7.1 Introduction, 1497.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics, 1537.3 Surf-zone morphology, 1587.4 Anthropogenic activities, 1677.5 Climate change, 1717.6 Summary, 175Key publications, 175References, 1768 Coastal Dunes, 178Karl F. Nordstrom8.1 Conditions for dune formation, 1788.2 Dunes as habitat, 1838.3 Dunes in developed areas, 1838.4 Dune restoration and management, 1868.5 Effects of future climate change, 1908.6 Summary, 192Key publications, 192References, 1929 Barrier Systems, 194Sytze van Heteren9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems, 1949.2 Classification, 1959.3 Barrier sub-environments, 2029.4 Theories on barrier formation, 2039.5 Modes of barrier behaviour, 2039.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour, 2069.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour, 2199.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models, 2199.9 Coastal-zone management and global change, 2219.10 Future perspectives, 2219.11 Summary, 223Key publications, 224References, 22510 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes, 227Kerrylee Rogers and Colin D. Woodroffe10.1 Introduction, 22710.2 Tidal flats, 22710.3 Salt marshes, 23510.4 Human influences, 24510.5 Summary, 247Key publications, 248References, 24811 Mangrove Shorelines, 251Colin D. Woodroffe, Catherine E. Lovelock and Kerrylee Rogers11.1 Introduction, 25111.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones, 25111.3 Mangrove biogeography, 25311.4 Zonation and succession, 25311.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning, 25611.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback, 25611.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change, 26011.8 Human influences, 26111.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change, 26311.10 Summary, 264Key publications, 265References, 26512 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets, 268Duncan FitzGerald, Ioannis Georgiou and Michael Miner12.1 Introduction, 26812.2 Estuaries, 26912.3 Tidal inlets, 27812.4 Summary, 296References, 29613 Deltas, 299Edward J. Anthony13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment, 29913.2 Delta sub-environments, 30513.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas, 30613.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution, 31813.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction, 32213.6 Syn-sedimentary deformation in deltas and ancient deltaic deposits, 32713.7 Deltas, human impacts, climate change and sea-level rise, 32813.8 Summary, 335Key publications, 335References, 33514 High-Latitude Coasts, 338Aart Kroon14.1 Introduction to high-latitude coasts, 33814.2 Ice-related coastal processes, 34014.3 Terrestrial ice in coastal environments, 34214.4 Coastal geomorphology and coastal responses, 34314.5 Relative sea-level change, 34814.6 Climate change predictions and impacts for high-latitude coasts, 34914.7 Future perspectives, 35114.8 Summary, 353Key publications, 353References, 35315 Rock Coasts, 356Wayne Stephenson15.1 Introduction, 35615.2 Geology and lithology, 35715.3 Processes acting on rock coasts, 35915.4 Rock coast landforms, 36715.5 Towards a morphodynamic model for rock coasts, 37215.6 Impacts of climate change on rock coasts, 37515.7 Summary, 378Key publications, 378References, 37816 Coral Reefs, 380Paul Kench16.1 Coral reefs in context, 38016.2 Coral reefs and their geomorphic complexity, 38116.3 Coral reef development, 38816.4 Reef island formation and morphodynamics, 39216.5 Management in reef environments, 39716.6 Future trajectories of coral reef landforms, 40116.7 Summary, 406Key publications, 407References, 40717 Coping with Coastal Change, 410Robert J. Nicholls, Marcel J.F. Stive and Richard S.J. Tol17.1 Introduction, 41017.2 Drivers of coastal change and variability, 41117.3 Coastal change and resulting impacts, 41617.4 Impacts of coastal change since 1900, 41817.5 Future impacts of coastal change, 41917.6 Responding to coastal change, 42017.7 Concluding thoughts, 42817.8 Summary, 428Key publications, 429References, 429Geographical Index, 432Subject Index, 436

Gerd Masselink is a Professor in Coastal Geomorphology and Associate Head of Marine Science in the School of Marine Science and Engineering at Plymouth University, UK.  Gerd specialises in nearshore sediment transport processes, surf zone hydrodynamics and beach morphodynamics. Roland Gehrels is a Professor in Physical Geography at the University of York, UK. He studies sea-level changes over various timescales, but has a particular interest in regional sea-level variability during past centuries. Roland is the President of the Commission on Coastal and Marine Processes of the International Quaternary Union (INQUA). The Editors have published over 160 peer-reviewed articles in coastal and sea-level research.

“On balance, this book is a useful compilation of the driving forces acting on coasts followed by the geomorphological description of almost all coastal environments. Geography and geomorphology graduate students will find the book to be good background.”  (Geologica Belgica, 1 October 2015)

• Contributors, viii About the Companion Website, ix1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change, 1Gerd Masselink and Roland Gehrels1.1 Setting the scene, 11.2 Coastal morphodynamics, 51.3 Climate change, 131.4 Modelling coastal change, 181.5 Summary, 24Key publications, 25References, 252 Sea Level, 28Glenn A. Milne2.1 Introduction, 282.2 Quaternary sea-level change, 342.3 Recent and future sea-level change, 422.4 Summary, 49Key publications, 50Acknowledgements, 50References, 503 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments, 52Edward J. Anthony3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts, 523.2 Geology and coasts, 543.3 Sediments and coasts, 623.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts, 753.5 Climate change, geology and sediments, 753.6 Summary, 76Key publications, 77References, 774 Drivers: Waves and Tides, 79Daniel C. Conley4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment, 794.2 Waves, 794.3 Tides, 964.4 Summary, 102Key publications, 102References, 1035 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis, 104Adam D. Switzer5.1 Coastal hazards, 1045.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones, 1085.3 Tsunamis, 1145.4 Overwash, 1185.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards, 1215.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning, 1235.7 Cyclones in a warmer world, 1255.8 Summary, 126Key publications, 126References, 1266 Coastal Groundwater, 128William P. Anderson, Jr.6.1 Introduction, 1286.2 The subterranean estuary, 1296.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), 1336.4 Controls on SGD variability, 1346.5 Human influences, 1426.6 Influence of global climate change, 1466.7 Summary, 147Key publications, 148References, 1487 Beaches, 149Gerben Ruessink and Roshanka Ranasinghe7.1 Introduction, 1497.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics, 1537.3 Surf-zone morphology, 1587.4 Anthropogenic activities, 1677.5 Climate change, 1717.6 Summary, 175Key publications, 175References, 1768 Coastal Dunes, 178Karl F. Nordstrom8.1 Conditions for dune formation, 1788.2 Dunes as habitat, 1838.3 Dunes in developed areas, 1838.4 Dune restoration and management, 1868.5 Effects of future climate change, 1908.6 Summary, 192Key publications, 192References, 1929 Barrier Systems, 194Sytze van Heteren9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems, 1949.2 Classification, 1959.3 Barrier sub-environments, 2029.4 Theories on barrier formation, 2039.5 Modes of barrier behaviour, 2039.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour, 2069.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour, 2199.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models, 2199.9 Coastal-zone management and global change, 2219.10 Future perspectives, 2219.11 Summary, 223Key publications, 224References, 22510 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes, 227Kerrylee Rogers and Colin D. Woodroffe10.1 Introduction, 22710.2 Tidal flats, 22710.3 Salt marshes, 23510.4 Human influences, 24510.5 Summary, 247Key publications, 248References, 24811 Mangrove Shorelines, 251Colin D. Woodroffe, Catherine E. Lovelock and Kerrylee Rogers11.1 Introduction, 25111.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones, 25111.3 Mangrove biogeography, 25311.4 Zonation and succession, 25311.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning, 25611.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback, 25611.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change, 26011.8 Human influences, 26111.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change, 26311.10 Summary, 264Key publications, 265References, 26512 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets, 268Duncan FitzGerald, Ioannis Georgiou and Michael Miner12.1 Introduction, 26812.2 Estuaries, 26912.3 Tidal inlets, 27812.4 Summary, 296References, 29613 Deltas, 299Edward J. Anthony13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment, 29913.2 Delta sub-environments, 30513.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas, 30613.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution, 31813.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction, 32213.6 Syn-sedimentary deformation in deltas and ancient deltaic deposits, 32713.7 Deltas, human impacts, climate change and sea-level rise, 32813.8 Summary, 335Key publications, 335References, 33514 High-Latitude Coasts, 338Aart Kroon14.1 Introduction to high-latitude coasts, 33814.2 Ice-related coastal processes, 34014.3 Terrestrial ice in coastal environments, 34214.4 Coastal geomorphology and coastal responses, 34314.5 Relative sea-level change, 34814.6 Climate change predictions and impacts for high-latitude coasts, 34914.7 Future perspectives, 35114.8 Summary, 353Key publications, 353References, 35315 Rock Coasts, 356Wayne Stephenson15.1 Introduction, 35615.2 Geology and lithology, 35715.3 Processes acting on rock coasts, 35915.4 Rock coast landforms, 36715.5 Towards a morphodynamic model for rock coasts, 37215.6 Impacts of climate change on rock coasts, 37515.7 Summary, 378Key publications, 378References, 37816 Coral Reefs, 380Paul Kench16.1 Coral reefs in context, 38016.2 Coral reefs and their geomorphic complexity, 38116.3 Coral reef development, 38816.4 Reef island formation and morphodynamics, 39216.5 Management in reef environments, 39716.6 Future trajectories of coral reef landforms, 40116.7 Summary, 406Key publications, 407References, 40717 Coping with Coastal Change, 410Robert J. Nicholls, Marcel J.F. Stive and Richard S.J. Tol17.1 Introduction, 41017.2 Drivers of coastal change and variability, 41117.3 Coastal change and resulting impacts, 41617.4 Impacts of coastal change since 1900, 41817.5 Future impacts of coastal change, 41917.6 Responding to coastal change, 42017.7 Concluding thoughts, 42817.8 Summary, 428Key publications, 429References, 429Geographical Index, 432Subject Index, 436

Gerd Masselink is a Professor in Coastal Geomorphology and Associate Head of Marine Science in the School of Marine Science and Engineering at Plymouth University, UK.  Gerd specialises in nearshore sediment transport processes, surf zone hydrodynamics and beach morphodynamics. Roland Gehrels is a Professor in Physical Geography at the University of York, UK. He studies sea-level changes over various timescales, but has a particular interest in regional sea-level variability during past centuries. Roland is the President of the Commission on Coastal and Marine Processes of the International Quaternary Union (INQUA). The Editors have published over 160 peer-reviewed articles in coastal and sea-level research.

“On balance, this book is a useful compilation of the driving forces acting on coasts followed by the geomorphological description of almost all coastal environments. Geography and geomorphology graduate students will find the book to be good background.”  (Geologica Belgica, 1 October 2015)

• Contributors, viii About the Companion Website, ix1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change, 1Gerd Masselink and Roland Gehrels1.1 Setting the scene, 11.2 Coastal morphodynamics, 51.3 Climate change, 131.4 Modelling coastal change, 181.5 Summary, 24Key publications, 25References, 252 Sea Level, 28Glenn A. Milne2.1 Introduction, 282.2 Quaternary sea-level change, 342.3 Recent and future sea-level change, 422.4 Summary, 49Key publications, 50Acknowledgements, 50References, 503 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments, 52Edward J. Anthony3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts, 523.2 Geology and coasts, 543.3 Sediments and coasts, 623.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts, 753.5 Climate change, geology and sediments, 753.6 Summary, 76Key publications, 77References, 774 Drivers: Waves and Tides, 79Daniel C. Conley4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment, 794.2 Waves, 794.3 Tides, 964.4 Summary, 102Key publications, 102References, 1035 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis, 104Adam D. Switzer5.1 Coastal hazards, 1045.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones, 1085.3 Tsunamis, 1145.4 Overwash, 1185.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards, 1215.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning, 1235.7 Cyclones in a warmer world, 1255.8 Summary, 126Key publications, 126References, 1266 Coastal Groundwater, 128William P. Anderson, Jr.6.1 Introduction, 1286.2 The subterranean estuary, 1296.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), 1336.4 Controls on SGD variability, 1346.5 Human influences, 1426.6 Influence of global climate change, 1466.7 Summary, 147Key publications, 148References, 1487 Beaches, 149Gerben Ruessink and Roshanka Ranasinghe7.1 Introduction, 1497.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics, 1537.3 Surf-zone morphology, 1587.4 Anthropogenic activities, 1677.5 Climate change, 1717.6 Summary, 175Key publications, 175References, 1768 Coastal Dunes, 178Karl F. Nordstrom8.1 Conditions for dune formation, 1788.2 Dunes as habitat, 1838.3 Dunes in developed areas, 1838.4 Dune restoration and management, 1868.5 Effects of future climate change, 1908.6 Summary, 192Key publications, 192References, 1929 Barrier Systems, 194Sytze van Heteren9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems, 1949.2 Classification, 1959.3 Barrier sub-environments, 2029.4 Theories on barrier formation, 2039.5 Modes of barrier behaviour, 2039.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour, 2069.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour, 2199.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models, 2199.9 Coastal-zone management and global change, 2219.10 Future perspectives, 2219.11 Summary, 223Key publications, 224References, 22510 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes, 227Kerrylee Rogers and Colin D. Woodroffe10.1 Introduction, 22710.2 Tidal flats, 22710.3 Salt marshes, 23510.4 Human influences, 24510.5 Summary, 247Key publications, 248References, 24811 Mangrove Shorelines, 251Colin D. Woodroffe, Catherine E. Lovelock and Kerrylee Rogers11.1 Introduction, 25111.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones, 25111.3 Mangrove biogeography, 25311.4 Zonation and succession, 25311.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning, 25611.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback, 25611.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change, 26011.8 Human influences, 26111.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change, 26311.10 Summary, 264Key publications, 265References, 26512 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets, 268Duncan FitzGerald, Ioannis Georgiou and Michael Miner12.1 Introduction, 26812.2 Estuaries, 26912.3 Tidal inlets, 27812.4 Summary, 296References, 29613 Deltas, 299Edward J. Anthony13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment, 29913.2 Delta sub-environments, 30513.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas, 30613.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution, 31813.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction, 32213.6 Syn-sedimentary deformation in deltas and ancient deltaic deposits, 32713.7 Deltas, human impacts, climate change and sea-level rise, 32813.8 Summary, 335Key publications, 335References, 33514 High-Latitude Coasts, 338Aart Kroon14.1 Introduction to high-latitude coasts, 33814.2 Ice-related coastal processes, 34014.3 Terrestrial ice in coastal environments, 34214.4 Coastal geomorphology and coastal responses, 34314.5 Relative sea-level change, 34814.6 Climate change predictions and impacts for high-latitude coasts, 34914.7 Future perspectives, 35114.8 Summary, 353Key publications, 353References, 35315 Rock Coasts, 356Wayne Stephenson15.1 Introduction, 35615.2 Geology and lithology, 35715.3 Processes acting on rock coasts, 35915.4 Rock coast landforms, 36715.5 Towards a morphodynamic model for rock coasts, 37215.6 Impacts of climate change on rock coasts, 37515.7 Summary, 378Key publications, 378References, 37816 Coral Reefs, 380Paul Kench16.1 Coral reefs in context, 38016.2 Coral reefs and their geomorphic complexity, 38116.3 Coral reef development, 38816.4 Reef island formation and morphodynamics, 39216.5 Management in reef environments, 39716.6 Future trajectories of coral reef landforms, 40116.7 Summary, 406Key publications, 407References, 40717 Coping with Coastal Change, 410Robert J. Nicholls, Marcel J.F. Stive and Richard S.J. Tol17.1 Introduction, 41017.2 Drivers of coastal change and variability, 41117.3 Coastal change and resulting impacts, 41617.4 Impacts of coastal change since 1900, 41817.5 Future impacts of coastal change, 41917.6 Responding to coastal change, 42017.7 Concluding thoughts, 42817.8 Summary, 428Key publications, 429References, 429Geographical Index, 432Subject Index, 436