Water Resources in the Built Environment

Colin  Booth is Associate Professor of Sustainability, Associate Head of Research and Scholarship and Director of the Construction and Property Research Centre at the University of the West of England, Bristol.Susanne Charlesworth is a Reader in Urban Physical Geography at Coventry University in the Department of Geography, Environment and Disaster Management. She is Director of a Sustainable Drainage (SUDS) Applied Research Group at Coventry University.Both editors are proficient academics with extensive research publishing backgrounds and experience of working with industrial and research networks related to key players from the water industries and their chapter authors have been selected from these networks.

• Contributors xvAbout the Editors xviiiSection 1 Introduction to the Book 1Chapter 1 Water Resources: Balancing too Little Versus too Much 3Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth1.1 Introduction 31.2 Too Little Versus too Much 31.3 Structure of the Book 61.4 Conclusions 7References 7Section 2 Water Demand, Policy and Cost 9Chapter 2 Meeting Demand: Water Strategy, Policy and Legislation 11Sharron McEldowney2.1 Introduction 112.2 Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Managing the Water Resources 122.3 Water Management and Conservation for the Future 182.4 Conclusions 20References 20Chapter 3 Water Privatisation and Regulation: The UK Experience 23John McEldowney3.1 Introduction 233.2 The First Country to Fully Privatise its Water and Sewerage Business 243.3 Water Privatisation and Structure 253.4 The Water Industry and the Domestic Market 273.5 The Water Industry and the Market for Business Customers 283.6 Conclusions 30References 31Chapter 4 Urban Water Economics 33Graham Squires4.1 Introduction 334.2 Externalities 334.3 Pollution Control (of Water Resources at a Market or Zero Price) 344.4 Natural Resource Economics and Water 374.5 Resource Valuation and Measurement 384.6 International Issues and Development in Water 424.7 Conclusions 43References 43Section 3 Water Infrastructure and Supply 45Chapter 5 Impacts and Issues of Dams and Reservoirs 47KimTannahill, Peter Mills and Colin A. Booth5.1 Introduction 475.2 Building Dams 485.3 Historical and Global Context 495.4 Environmental Impact 515.5 Socioeconomic Impact 525.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project 525.7 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Manwan Dam, Upper Mekong River, China 535.8 Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China 545.9 Dam Risks: Incidents and Failures 555.10 Insights into the UNEP Dams Project 575.11 Conclusions 59References 59Chapter 6 Powering the Water Industry 61Jay Millington6.1 Introduction 616.2 Conventional Approach 616.3 Hydropower 636.4 Micro and Small Hydros 686.5 Other Factors 726.6 Conclusions 74Acknowledgements 74References 75Chapter 7 Water Quality and Treatment 77J. Bryan Ellis7.1 Introduction 777.2 Water Quality 787.3 Drinking Water Safety Plans 847.4 Urban Growth and Water Demand 867.5 Conclusions 89References 89Chapter 8 Desalination 92Augustine Ifelebuegu, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth8.1 Introduction 928.2 Desalination Technologies 938.3 Developing Technologies 948.4 Economics of Desalination 948.5 Small and Domestic Scale Desalination Plants 978.6 Environmental Impacts 988.7 Renewable Energy Sources and Desalination 998.8 The Future of Desalination and Sustainable Water Supplies 998.9 Case Study: The Thames Water Desalination Plant 1008.10 Conclusions 101References 101Chapter 9 Delivering and Designing for Potable Water in Buildings 104Phil Harris9.1 Introduction 1049.2 Regulating Water Supply 1059.3 Water Supply to Domestic Low-Rise Buildings 1069.4 Water Supply to Medium and High-Rise Buildings (or Those with Insufficient Mains Pressure) 1109.5 Pipe Sizing and Flow Rate Design in Buildings 1139.6 Pipework Maintenance Issues 1169.7 Future Issues 118References 119Section 4 Water Conservation Strategies 121Chapter 10 Water Neutrality – An Overview 123Victoria Ashton10.1 Introduction 12310.2 Defining Water Neutrality 12410.3 Strategies for Water Neutrality Implementation 12610.4 Funding Mechanisms 13110.5 Conclusions 133References 134Chapter 11 Building Regulations for Water Conservation 135Sean Churchill, Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth11.1 Introduction 13511.2 What are the Building Regulations? 13611.3 Background to the Changes in Approved Document G 13711.4 Changes to Approved Document G and the Water Calculator for New Dwellings 13911.5 Rainwater and Greywater Recycling 14311.6 Case Study: Calculating Water Usage 14411.7 Other Household Water Conservation Measures 14711.8 Conclusions 148References 149Chapter 12 Rainwater Harvesting – Reaping a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water 151Susanne M. Charlesworth, Colin A. Booth, Frank Warwick, Craig Lashford and Omolara O. Lade12.1 Introduction 15112.2 What is Rainwater Harvesting? 15212.3 Policy 15312.4 Rainwater Harvesting Design 15412.5 Water Quality 15612.6 Water Quantity 15812.7 Cost–Benefit Analysis and Whole Life Costs 15912.8 Case Studies 16012.9 Conclusions 161References 162Chapter 13 Greywater Harvesting – Reusing, Recycling and Saving Household Water 165Emma Hatfield, Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth13.1 Introduction 16513.2 Insights into Greywater Harvesting 16613.3 The Potential for Using Greywater Harvesting Systems 16713.4 Case Studies in the United Kingdom 17113.5 The Future of Greywater Harvesting 17513.6 Conclusions 176References 177Chapter 14 Inland Waterway Systems – A Solution to Drought and Flooding Issues 180Carly B. Rose and Luke Walker14.1 Introduction 18014.2 The Past 18014.3 The Present – Canals in the 20th Century 18214.4 Sourcing and Conserving Water Supplies 18514.5 A Climate Resilient Future 19014.6 Conclusions 191References 192Section 5 Flooding Responses and Reinstatement 197Chapter 15 Urban Precipitation: Measurements, Monitoring and Processes 199Omolara O. Lade, Michael A. Fullen, David Oloke, Madhu Subedi and Colin A. Booth15.1 Introduction 19915.2 Types of Precipitation 20015.3 Urban Climate and Potential Impacts 20015.4 Urban Irrigation 20115.5 Urban Effects on Rainfall Variability 20215.6 Precipitation Variability in Thunderstorms 20315.7 Measuring Precipitation 20415.8 Spatial and Temporal Precipitation Monitoring 20515.9 Case Study of Small-Scale Variability: Spatial Variability in Precipitation within the Hilton Experimental Site, Shropshire, UK 20615.10 Conclusions 207References 207Chapter 16 Urbanisation and Stormwater 211John W. Davies and Susanne M. Charlesworth16.1 Introduction 21116.2 Urbanisation and Flood Risk 21116.3 Urban Drainage Systems 21216.4 Problems with Drainage Systems 21516.5 Sewer Flooding 21516.6 Drainage System Capacity 21616.7 Increasing or Decreasing Impermeable Surfaces 21916.8 Storage 21916.9 Stormwater Quality 22016.10 Conclusions 221References 222Chapter 17 River Flood Defences 223Carly B. Rose17.1 Introduction 22317.2 The Historical Context 22417.3 The Future 22917.4 Conclusions 229References 230Chapter 18 Coastal Flood Defences – Strategies for Protection in the United Kingdom 233Trevor Goodhew18.1 Introduction 23318.2 Holding Back the Sea 23318.3 The Nature and Complexity of the Coastal Processes 23518.4 Coastal Flood Defences 23718.5 The Strategy of Managed Retreat 23918.6 Flooding Challenges from Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise 24118.7 Changing Populations, Land Management and Development 24418.8 Important National Infrastructure 24518.9 Proportionate Risk-Based Approaches to Flood Risk Management 24518.10 Beneficiaries Should be Encouraged to Invest in Risk Management 24618.11 A View to the Future – Strategies Requiring Innovations and New Solutions 24618.12 Conclusions 247References 247Chapter 19 The Costs of Flooding on Households 249Rotimi Joseph, David G. Proverbs, Jessica E. Lamond and Peter Wassell19.1 Introduction 24919.2 Economic Costs of Flooding 25019.3 Financial Costs of Flooding 25119.4 Conclusions 255References 256Chapter 20 The Role of Market-Based Flood Insurance in Maintaining Communities at Risk of Flooding: A SWOT Analysis 258Jessica E. Lamond20.1 Introduction 25820.2 Strengths 26120.3 Weaknesses 26420.4 Threats 26620.5 Opportunities 26720.6 Conclusions 268References 269Chapter 21 Holistic Property-Level Flood Protection 271David W. Beddoes and Colin A. Booth21.1 Introduction 27121.2 Flood Resistance 27221.3 Flood Resilience 27321.4 Current Situation Facing Homeowners 27421.5 Holistic Solutions 27521.6 Conclusions 278References 278Section 6 Flood Solutions in the Urban Landscape 281Chapter 22 Sustainable Drainage Systems – Features and Designs 283Simon Watkins and Susanne M. Charlesworth22.1 Introduction 28322.2 Water and Landscape – One and Indivisible 28322.3 Conclusions 300References 301Acknowledgements 301Chapter 23 Drainage Benefits of Porous, Permeable and Pervious Paving 302Miklas Scholz, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Steve J. Coupe23.1 Introduction 30223.2 Rethinking Stormwater Drainage 30223.3 Porous, Permeable and Pervious Pavement Systems 30323.4 Porous Pavements 30423.5 Cost Implications of Utilising PPS 30523.6 Design Considerations 30523.7 Infiltration through PPSs 30723.8 Maintenance to Enhance Infiltration 30723.9 Water Quality Improvements 30823.10 Biodegradation of Pollutants by Microorganisms 31023.11 Directions of Further Investigation 31123.12 Conclusions 314References 314Chapter 24 Multiple Benefits of Green Infrastructure 319Rebecca Wade and Neil McLean24.1 Introduction 31924.2 What is Green Infrastructure? 32024.3 Benefits of Green Infrastructure 32224.4 Barriers to Implementation of GI 33024.5 The Value of GI 33224.6 Conclusions 332References 333Chapter 25 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management 336Kate V. Heal25.1 Introduction 33625.2 Treatment Processes in Constructed Wetlands 33725.3 Different Types and Deployment of Constructed Wetlands and Reedbeds 33825.4 Performance of Constructed Wastelands for Wastewater Management 34125.5 Design Considerations for Constructed Wetlands 34325.6 Construction and Maintenance Considerations for Constructed Wetlands 34525.7 Costs of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management 34725.8 Conclusions 348References 348Chapter 26 Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure and Design 350Joseph Akunna and Joanne Bartie26.1 Introduction 35026.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 35126.3 Factors Affecting Investment in UK Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure 36326.4 Conclusions 368References 369Websites 370Section 7 International Case Studies 371Chapter 27 An Overview of Management Issues in Developing a Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Delivery in Nigeria 373David Oloke and Dayo Olugboye27.1 Introduction 37327.2 Background on WASH Development 37427.3 Situation of WASH in Nigeria 37627.4 Sanitation and Hygiene 37727.5 New Approach to Rural Sanitation 37927.6 The Sanitation Ladder Concept 37927.7 Management and Sustainability of WASH facilities 38027.8 Rural WASH in Nigeria 38227.9 Conclusions 385References 386Chapter 28 Balancing Flood Risk and Water Scarcity of the Asian Delta Regions 389Jessica E. Lamond28.1 Introduction 38928.2 Characteristics of Flooding in Asia 39028.3 Approaches to Risk Reduction 39228.4 Flood and Water Management in the Delta City of Jakarta, Indonesia 39528.5 Conclusions 398References 399Section 8 Summary of the Book 401Chapter 29 Water Resources Challenges – Penury and Peace 403Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth29.1 Introduction 40329.2 Insights Gathered from the Chapters of this Book 40429.3 Dialogue on International Water Resources Challenges 40429.4 Conclusions 406References 406Index 407