Hua Bai, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USADr Hua Bai received B.S. and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He joined the University of Michigan-Dearborn in September 2007 as a post-doctoral researcher. His research interests are the short-timescale pulsed power phenomena of power electronic devices in three-level NPC high voltage and high power inverter, and integrated design of high voltage and high power bidirectional DC-DC converters.Chris Mi, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USADr. Chris Mi is Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Michigan, Dearborn. Dr. Mi holds a BS and an MS degree from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China, and a Ph.D degree from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Dr. Mi is the recipient of the "National Innovation Award," "Government Special Allowance" given by the Chinese Central Government, the "Distinguished Teaching Award" of University of Michigan Dearborn. He is also a recipient of the 2007 IEEE Region 4 "Outstanding Engineer Award," 2007 "IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section Outstanding Professional Award," and 2007 SAE "Environmental Excellence in Transportation Award." Dr. Mi is the General Chair of IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference 09.

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• About the Authors ix Preface xi1 Power electronic devices, circuits, topology, and control 11.1 Power electronics 11.2 The evolution of power device technology 31.3 Power electronic circuit topology 41.3.1 Switching 51.3.2 Basic switching cell 61.3.3 Circuit topology of power electronics 61.4 Pulse-width modulation control 91.5 Typical power electronic converters and their applications 151.6 Transient processes in power electronics and book organization 16References 172 Macroscopic and microscopic factors in power electronic systems 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Microelectronics vs. power electronics 212.2.1 Understanding semiconductor physics 222.2.2 Evaluation of semiconductors 232.3 State of the art of research in short-timescale transients 272.3.1 Pulse definition 282.3.2 Pulsed energy and pulsed power 302.4 Typical influential factors and transient processes 352.4.1 Failure mechanisms 352.4.2 Different parts of the main circuit 382.4.3 Control modules and power system interacting with each other 402.5 Methods to study the short-timescale transients 412.6 Summary 42References 433 Power semiconductor devices, integrated power circuits, and their short-timescale transients 473.1 Major characteristics of semiconductors 473.2 Modeling methods of semiconductors 483.2.1 Hybrid model of a diode 493.3 IGBT 493.4 IGCT 523.5 Silicon carbide junction field effect transistor 543.6 System-level SOA 583.6.1 Case 1: System-level SOA of a three-level DC–AC inverter 593.6.2 Case 2: System-level SOA of a bidirectional DC–DC converter 593.6.3 Case 3: System-level SOA of an EV battery charger 603.7 Soft-switching control and its application in high-power converters 653.7.1 Case 4: ZCS in dual-phase-shift control 653.7.2 Case 5: Soft-switching vs. hard-switching control in the EV charger 67References 684 Power electronics in electric and hybrid vehicles 714.1 Introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles 714.2 Architecture and control of HEVs 724.3 Power electronics in HEVs 734.3.1 Rectifiers used in HEVs 744.3.2 Buck converter used in HEVs 794.3.3 Non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter 814.3.4 Control of AC induction motors 874.4 Battery chargers for EVs and PHEVs 934.4.1 Unidirectional chargers 954.4.2 Inductive charger 1064.4.3 Wireless charger 1104.4.4 Optimization of a PHEV battery charger 1124.4.5 Bidirectional charger and control 116References 1265 Power electronics in alternative energy and advanced power systems 1295.1 Typical alternative energy systems 1295.2 Transients in alternative energy systems 1305.2.1 Dynamic process 1: MPPT control in the solar energy system 1305.2.2 Dynamic processes in the grid-tied system 1335.2.3 Wind energy systems 1385.3 Power electronics, alternative energy, and future micro-grid systems 1415.4 Dynamic process in the multi-source system 1455.5 Speciality of control and analyzing methods in alternative energy systems 1495.6 Application of power electronics in advanced electric power systems 1505.6.1 SVC and STATCOM 1515.6.2 SMES 153References 1556 Power electronics in battery management systems 1576.1 Application of power electronics in rechargeable batteries 1576.2 Battery charge management 1586.2.1 Pulsed charging 1586.2.2 Reflex fast charging 1596.2.3 Current variable intermittent charging 1606.2.4 Voltage variable intermittent charging 1616.2.5 Advanced intermittent charging 1626.2.6 Practical charging schemes 1626.3 Cell balancing 1666.3.1 Applying an additional equalizing charge phase to the whole battery string 1676.3.2 Method of current shunting – dissipative equalization 1696.3.3 Method of switched reactors 1706.3.4 Method of flying capacitors 1716.3.5 Inductive (multi-winding transformer) balancing 1726.3.6 ASIC-based charge balancing 1726.3.7 DC–DC converter-based balancing 1736.4 SOA of battery power electronics 1756.4.1 Enhanced system-level SOA considering the battery impedance and temperature 1756.4.2 Interaction with other devices at different temperatures 177References 1807 Dead-band effect and minimum pulse width 1837.1 Dead-band effect in DC–AC inverters 1847.1.1 Dead-band effect 1867.2 Dead-band effect in DC–DC converters 1897.2.1 Phase shift-based dual active bridge bidirectional DC–DC converter 1897.2.2 Dead-band effect in DAB bidirectional DC–DC converter 1937.3 Control strategy for the dead-band compensation 1997.4 Minimum Pulse Width (MPW) 2047.4.1 Setting the MPW 2097.5 Summary 211References 2128 Modulated error in power electronic systems 2158.1 Modulated error between information flow and power flow 2158.2 Modulated error in switching power semiconductors 2178.2.1 Voltage-balanced circuit for series-connected semiconductors 2178.2.2 Accompanied short-timescale transients 2218.3 Modulated error in the DC–AC inverter 2318.4 Modulated error in the DC–DC converter 2348.5 Summary 246References 2469 Future trends of power electronics 2499.1 New materials and devices 2499.2 Topology, systems, and applications 2559.3 Passive components 2599.4 Power electronics packaging 2609.5 Power line communication 2629.6 Transients in future power electronics 265References 266Index 269

Hua Bai, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USADr Hua Bai received B.S. and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He joined the University of Michigan-Dearborn in September 2007 as a post-doctoral researcher. His research interests are the short-timescale pulsed power phenomena of power electronic devices in three-level NPC high voltage and high power inverter, and integrated design of high voltage and high power bidirectional DC-DC converters.Chris Mi, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USADr. Chris Mi is Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Michigan, Dearborn. Dr. Mi holds a BS and an MS degree from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China, and a Ph.D degree from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Dr. Mi is the recipient of the "National Innovation Award," "Government Special Allowance" given by the Chinese Central Government, the "Distinguished Teaching Award" of University of Michigan Dearborn. He is also a recipient of the 2007 IEEE Region 4 "Outstanding Engineer Award," 2007 "IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section Outstanding Professional Award," and 2007 SAE "Environmental Excellence in Transportation Award." Dr. Mi is the General Chair of IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference 09.

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• About the Authors ix Preface xi1 Power electronic devices, circuits, topology, and control 11.1 Power electronics 11.2 The evolution of power device technology 31.3 Power electronic circuit topology 41.3.1 Switching 51.3.2 Basic switching cell 61.3.3 Circuit topology of power electronics 61.4 Pulse-width modulation control 91.5 Typical power electronic converters and their applications 151.6 Transient processes in power electronics and book organization 16References 172 Macroscopic and microscopic factors in power electronic systems 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Microelectronics vs. power electronics 212.2.1 Understanding semiconductor physics 222.2.2 Evaluation of semiconductors 232.3 State of the art of research in short-timescale transients 272.3.1 Pulse definition 282.3.2 Pulsed energy and pulsed power 302.4 Typical influential factors and transient processes 352.4.1 Failure mechanisms 352.4.2 Different parts of the main circuit 382.4.3 Control modules and power system interacting with each other 402.5 Methods to study the short-timescale transients 412.6 Summary 42References 433 Power semiconductor devices, integrated power circuits, and their short-timescale transients 473.1 Major characteristics of semiconductors 473.2 Modeling methods of semiconductors 483.2.1 Hybrid model of a diode 493.3 IGBT 493.4 IGCT 523.5 Silicon carbide junction field effect transistor 543.6 System-level SOA 583.6.1 Case 1: System-level SOA of a three-level DC–AC inverter 593.6.2 Case 2: System-level SOA of a bidirectional DC–DC converter 593.6.3 Case 3: System-level SOA of an EV battery charger 603.7 Soft-switching control and its application in high-power converters 653.7.1 Case 4: ZCS in dual-phase-shift control 653.7.2 Case 5: Soft-switching vs. hard-switching control in the EV charger 67References 684 Power electronics in electric and hybrid vehicles 714.1 Introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles 714.2 Architecture and control of HEVs 724.3 Power electronics in HEVs 734.3.1 Rectifiers used in HEVs 744.3.2 Buck converter used in HEVs 794.3.3 Non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter 814.3.4 Control of AC induction motors 874.4 Battery chargers for EVs and PHEVs 934.4.1 Unidirectional chargers 954.4.2 Inductive charger 1064.4.3 Wireless charger 1104.4.4 Optimization of a PHEV battery charger 1124.4.5 Bidirectional charger and control 116References 1265 Power electronics in alternative energy and advanced power systems 1295.1 Typical alternative energy systems 1295.2 Transients in alternative energy systems 1305.2.1 Dynamic process 1: MPPT control in the solar energy system 1305.2.2 Dynamic processes in the grid-tied system 1335.2.3 Wind energy systems 1385.3 Power electronics, alternative energy, and future micro-grid systems 1415.4 Dynamic process in the multi-source system 1455.5 Speciality of control and analyzing methods in alternative energy systems 1495.6 Application of power electronics in advanced electric power systems 1505.6.1 SVC and STATCOM 1515.6.2 SMES 153References 1556 Power electronics in battery management systems 1576.1 Application of power electronics in rechargeable batteries 1576.2 Battery charge management 1586.2.1 Pulsed charging 1586.2.2 Reflex fast charging 1596.2.3 Current variable intermittent charging 1606.2.4 Voltage variable intermittent charging 1616.2.5 Advanced intermittent charging 1626.2.6 Practical charging schemes 1626.3 Cell balancing 1666.3.1 Applying an additional equalizing charge phase to the whole battery string 1676.3.2 Method of current shunting – dissipative equalization 1696.3.3 Method of switched reactors 1706.3.4 Method of flying capacitors 1716.3.5 Inductive (multi-winding transformer) balancing 1726.3.6 ASIC-based charge balancing 1726.3.7 DC–DC converter-based balancing 1736.4 SOA of battery power electronics 1756.4.1 Enhanced system-level SOA considering the battery impedance and temperature 1756.4.2 Interaction with other devices at different temperatures 177References 1807 Dead-band effect and minimum pulse width 1837.1 Dead-band effect in DC–AC inverters 1847.1.1 Dead-band effect 1867.2 Dead-band effect in DC–DC converters 1897.2.1 Phase shift-based dual active bridge bidirectional DC–DC converter 1897.2.2 Dead-band effect in DAB bidirectional DC–DC converter 1937.3 Control strategy for the dead-band compensation 1997.4 Minimum Pulse Width (MPW) 2047.4.1 Setting the MPW 2097.5 Summary 211References 2128 Modulated error in power electronic systems 2158.1 Modulated error between information flow and power flow 2158.2 Modulated error in switching power semiconductors 2178.2.1 Voltage-balanced circuit for series-connected semiconductors 2178.2.2 Accompanied short-timescale transients 2218.3 Modulated error in the DC–AC inverter 2318.4 Modulated error in the DC–DC converter 2348.5 Summary 246References 2469 Future trends of power electronics 2499.1 New materials and devices 2499.2 Topology, systems, and applications 2559.3 Passive components 2599.4 Power electronics packaging 2609.5 Power line communication 2629.6 Transients in future power electronics 265References 266Index 269

Hua Bai, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USADr Hua Bai received B.S. and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He joined the University of Michigan-Dearborn in September 2007 as a post-doctoral researcher. His research interests are the short-timescale pulsed power phenomena of power electronic devices in three-level NPC high voltage and high power inverter, and integrated design of high voltage and high power bidirectional DC-DC converters.Chris Mi, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USADr. Chris Mi is Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Michigan, Dearborn. Dr. Mi holds a BS and an MS degree from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China, and a Ph.D degree from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Dr. Mi is the recipient of the "National Innovation Award," "Government Special Allowance" given by the Chinese Central Government, the "Distinguished Teaching Award" of University of Michigan Dearborn. He is also a recipient of the 2007 IEEE Region 4 "Outstanding Engineer Award," 2007 "IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section Outstanding Professional Award," and 2007 SAE "Environmental Excellence in Transportation Award." Dr. Mi is the General Chair of IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference 09.

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• About the Authors ix Preface xi1 Power electronic devices, circuits, topology, and control 11.1 Power electronics 11.2 The evolution of power device technology 31.3 Power electronic circuit topology 41.3.1 Switching 51.3.2 Basic switching cell 61.3.3 Circuit topology of power electronics 61.4 Pulse-width modulation control 91.5 Typical power electronic converters and their applications 151.6 Transient processes in power electronics and book organization 16References 172 Macroscopic and microscopic factors in power electronic systems 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Microelectronics vs. power electronics 212.2.1 Understanding semiconductor physics 222.2.2 Evaluation of semiconductors 232.3 State of the art of research in short-timescale transients 272.3.1 Pulse definition 282.3.2 Pulsed energy and pulsed power 302.4 Typical influential factors and transient processes 352.4.1 Failure mechanisms 352.4.2 Different parts of the main circuit 382.4.3 Control modules and power system interacting with each other 402.5 Methods to study the short-timescale transients 412.6 Summary 42References 433 Power semiconductor devices, integrated power circuits, and their short-timescale transients 473.1 Major characteristics of semiconductors 473.2 Modeling methods of semiconductors 483.2.1 Hybrid model of a diode 493.3 IGBT 493.4 IGCT 523.5 Silicon carbide junction field effect transistor 543.6 System-level SOA 583.6.1 Case 1: System-level SOA of a three-level DC–AC inverter 593.6.2 Case 2: System-level SOA of a bidirectional DC–DC converter 593.6.3 Case 3: System-level SOA of an EV battery charger 603.7 Soft-switching control and its application in high-power converters 653.7.1 Case 4: ZCS in dual-phase-shift control 653.7.2 Case 5: Soft-switching vs. hard-switching control in the EV charger 67References 684 Power electronics in electric and hybrid vehicles 714.1 Introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles 714.2 Architecture and control of HEVs 724.3 Power electronics in HEVs 734.3.1 Rectifiers used in HEVs 744.3.2 Buck converter used in HEVs 794.3.3 Non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter 814.3.4 Control of AC induction motors 874.4 Battery chargers for EVs and PHEVs 934.4.1 Unidirectional chargers 954.4.2 Inductive charger 1064.4.3 Wireless charger 1104.4.4 Optimization of a PHEV battery charger 1124.4.5 Bidirectional charger and control 116References 1265 Power electronics in alternative energy and advanced power systems 1295.1 Typical alternative energy systems 1295.2 Transients in alternative energy systems 1305.2.1 Dynamic process 1: MPPT control in the solar energy system 1305.2.2 Dynamic processes in the grid-tied system 1335.2.3 Wind energy systems 1385.3 Power electronics, alternative energy, and future micro-grid systems 1415.4 Dynamic process in the multi-source system 1455.5 Speciality of control and analyzing methods in alternative energy systems 1495.6 Application of power electronics in advanced electric power systems 1505.6.1 SVC and STATCOM 1515.6.2 SMES 153References 1556 Power electronics in battery management systems 1576.1 Application of power electronics in rechargeable batteries 1576.2 Battery charge management 1586.2.1 Pulsed charging 1586.2.2 Reflex fast charging 1596.2.3 Current variable intermittent charging 1606.2.4 Voltage variable intermittent charging 1616.2.5 Advanced intermittent charging 1626.2.6 Practical charging schemes 1626.3 Cell balancing 1666.3.1 Applying an additional equalizing charge phase to the whole battery string 1676.3.2 Method of current shunting – dissipative equalization 1696.3.3 Method of switched reactors 1706.3.4 Method of flying capacitors 1716.3.5 Inductive (multi-winding transformer) balancing 1726.3.6 ASIC-based charge balancing 1726.3.7 DC–DC converter-based balancing 1736.4 SOA of battery power electronics 1756.4.1 Enhanced system-level SOA considering the battery impedance and temperature 1756.4.2 Interaction with other devices at different temperatures 177References 1807 Dead-band effect and minimum pulse width 1837.1 Dead-band effect in DC–AC inverters 1847.1.1 Dead-band effect 1867.2 Dead-band effect in DC–DC converters 1897.2.1 Phase shift-based dual active bridge bidirectional DC–DC converter 1897.2.2 Dead-band effect in DAB bidirectional DC–DC converter 1937.3 Control strategy for the dead-band compensation 1997.4 Minimum Pulse Width (MPW) 2047.4.1 Setting the MPW 2097.5 Summary 211References 2128 Modulated error in power electronic systems 2158.1 Modulated error between information flow and power flow 2158.2 Modulated error in switching power semiconductors 2178.2.1 Voltage-balanced circuit for series-connected semiconductors 2178.2.2 Accompanied short-timescale transients 2218.3 Modulated error in the DC–AC inverter 2318.4 Modulated error in the DC–DC converter 2348.5 Summary 246References 2469 Future trends of power electronics 2499.1 New materials and devices 2499.2 Topology, systems, and applications 2559.3 Passive components 2599.4 Power electronics packaging 2609.5 Power line communication 2629.6 Transients in future power electronics 265References 266Index 269