Professor Henning Schulzrinne, Columbia University, USA Henning Schulzrinne has worked on Internet-based emergency calling since 2001, and has helped design the overall emergency calling architecture, the service URN mechanism and the PSAP mapping protocol (LoST). Prior to that, he was a long-term participant in the IETF VoIP-related standardization process, starting with RTP and continuing with VoIP signaling (SIP). Henning currently teaches networking and related subjects at Columbia University.  He has published numerous journal and conference articles, as well as two books. Henning is a Fellow of the IEEE.Hannes Tschofenig, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland Hannes Tschofenig has worked on the topic of emergency services for the past 5 years in the area of standardization. He is Chair of the IETF Emergency Context Resolution with Internet Technology (ECRIT) working group with Marc Linsner, and Chair of the European Emergency Number Association (EENA) Next Generation 112 Technical Committee with Roger Hixson (NENA management person).  Hannes and Henning have organized the SDO emergency services workshops with a small group of people, where they have contributed to a number of specifications in this field. Tschofenig has taught courses, and given presentations and tutorials about emergency services to other professionals.

“In addition, practitioners, product architects, and developers will find interesting and useful ideas. Many parts of the book can be recommended to experts working on standards and regulations.”  (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 February 2015)

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvAcronyms xxvii1 Introduction 11.1 History 11.2 Overview 51.3 Building Blocks 81.3.1 Recognizing Emergency Calls 81.3.2 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 91.3.3 Routing Emergency Calls 92 Location: Formats, Encoding and Protocols 112.1 Applying the PIDF-LO civicAddress Type to US Addresses 142.1.1 Introduction: The Context and Purpose of PIDF-LO and CLDXF 152.1.2 CLDXF Elements 172.1.3 Conclusion 302.2 DHCP as a Location Configuration Protocol (LCP) 312.2.1 What’s New in RFC 6225? 322.2.2 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Option Formats 322.2.3 Option Support 352.2.4 Latitude and Longitude Fields 362.2.5 Altitude 362.2.6 Datum 372.3 Geography Markup Language (GML) 372.3.1 Introduction 372.3.2 Overview of the OGC 382.3.3 The OGC Geography Markup Language (GML) 382.3.4 Conclusion 472.4 A Taxonomy of the IETF HELD Protocol 472.4.1 The LIS and HELD 482.4.2 LIS Discovery 482.4.3 Basic HELD 532.4.4 HELD Target Identities and Third-Party Requests 592.4.5 HELD Measurements 622.4.6 HELD as a Dereference Protocol 642.4.7 HELD Policy URIs 662.4.8 HELD Device Capabilities 692.5 OMA Enablers and Emergency Services 722.5.1 SUPL 732.5.2 MLS 842.5.3 MLP 852.5.4 LOCSIP 892.6 3GPP Location Protocols 922.6.1 Introduction 922.6.2 Location Technology in 3GPP Networks 932.6.3 Emergency Location Information in 3GPP CS Domain, Control Plane 1002.6.4 Emergency Location Information in the IMS 1003 Architectures 1033.1 NENA i2 1043.1.1 Background 1043.1.2 The i2 Architecture 1053.1.3 Regulatory Situation and Deployment Status 1173.2 NENA i3 1193.2.1 History 1193.2.2 Emergency Services IP Networks 1203.2.3 Signaling and Routing IP-Originated Calls 1213.2.4 Legacy Wireline and Wireless Origination 1223.2.5 Emergency Events 1233.2.6 Routing Calls Within the ESInet 1233.2.7 Provisioning the ECRF 1243.2.8 PSAPs 1253.2.9 Other i3 Features 1263.3 IETF Emergency Services for Internet Multimedia 1263.3.1 Introduction 1263.3.2 Recognizing Emergency Calls 1283.3.3 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 1283.3.4 Routing Emergency Calls 1293.3.5 Obligations 1303.3.6 LoST Mapping Architecture 1323.3.7 Steps Toward an IETF Emergency Services Architecture 1353.3.8 Summary 1383.4 Emergency Services Support in WiFi Networks 1393.4.1 Introduction 1393.4.2 Location Configuration 1403.4.3 Support for Emergency Services 1413.4.4 Support for Emergency Alert Systems 1423.5 WiMAX 1423.5.1 The WiMAX Network Architecture 1433.5.2 Network Architecture for Emergency Services Support 1483.5.3 The Fundamental Building Blocks 1503.5.4 Roaming Considerations and Network Entry 1523.5.5 Limited Access 1543.5.6 Location Support in WiMAX 1573.5.7 Conclusion 1633.6 3gpp 1633.6.1 Introduction 1633.6.2 Requirements 1643.6.3 Emergency Calls in the CS Domain 1693.6.4 Emergency Calls in PS Domain 1763.6.5 Identified Overload Problems 1894 Deployment Examples 1934.1 Emergency Calling in Sweden 1954.1.1 Introduction 1954.1.2 Overview 1964.1.3 Protocols for PSAP Interconnection 1984.1.4 Protocol Standards 2004.1.5 Media 2014.1.6 Emergency Call Routing 2014.1.7 Testing 2014.1.8 Examples 2014.2 UK Specification for Locating VoIP Callers 2094.2.1 Introduction 2094.2.2 The Regulatory Environment 2094.2.3 Standards Development 2104.2.4 The Current UK Emergency Services Structure 2104.2.5 Principles Driving the Specification 2114.2.6 Putting It All Together 2134.2.7 Implications for Access Network Providers 2154.3 Implementation of VoIP 9-1-1 Services in Canada 2164.3.1 Regulatory Framework (About the CRTC) 2174.3.2 Canada’s Telecom Profile 2174.3.3 Interim Solution for Nomadic and Fixed/Non-Native VoIP 2204.3.4 The (Defunct) Canadian i2 Proposal 2224.3.5 VoIP Regulatory Processes, Decisions and Milestones 2274.3.6 Lessons Learned 2294.3.7 Conclusion 2304.4 US/Indiana Wireless Direct Network Project 2304.4.1 Background and History of the IWDN 2314.4.2 The IWDN Crossroads Project 2314.4.3 The IN911 IP Network 2324.4.4 Conclusion 2355 Security for IP-Based Emergency Services 2375.1 Introduction 2375.2 Communication Model 2385.3 Adversary Models and Security Threats 2405.4 Security Threats 2415.4.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 2425.4.2 Attacks Involving the Emergency Identifier 2425.4.3 Attacks Against the Mapping System 2435.4.4 Attacks Against the Location Information Server 2445.4.5 Swatting 2455.4.6 Attacks to Prevent a Specific Individual From Receiving Aid 2465.4.7 Attacks to Gain Information About an Emergency 2465.4.8 Interfering With the LIS and LoST Server Discovery Procedure 2465.4.9 Call Identity Spoofing 2475.5 Countermeasures 2485.5.1 Discovery 2485.5.2 Secure Session Setup and Caller Identity 2505.5.3 Media Exchange 2515.5.4 Mapping Database Security 2516 Emergency Services for Persons With Disabilities 2536.1 What Is Specific with Communication for People with Disabilities? 2536.1.1 Important Characteristics of Regular Voice Telephony 2536.1.2 Important Characteristics of Accessible Conversational Services Suitable for People with Disabilities 2546.2 Reality Today 2556.3 Interpretation of the Term “Equivalent Service” 2556.4 Sad History 2566.5 Policy and Regulation Support 2566.5.1 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2566.5.2 The European Union Universal Service Directive 2576.5.3 The Telecom Act and Public Procurement Act in the United States 2576.5.4 Americans With Disability Act 2576.5.5 Relay Service Regulation in the United States 2586.6 Good Opportunities in IP-Based Services 2586.7 Implementation Experience 2607 Regulatory Situation 2617.1 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the United States 2627.1.1 Introduction 2627.1.2 Background 2627.1.3 E9-1-1 Requirements 2637.2 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the European Union 2667.2.1 Introduction 2667.2.2 Regulatory Development of Emergency Services Under EU Law 2677.2.3 Current Legal Framework 2677.2.4 New Legal Framework 2747.2.5 Emergency Regulation Outside of the EU Telecom Regulatory Framework 2767.2.6 Conclusion 2768 Research Projects and Pilots 2798.1 REACH112: Responding to All Citizens Needing Help 2808.1.1 Outline 2808.1.2 Emergency Service Access 2828.1.3 The Obstacles 2848.1.4 Conclusion 2888.2 PEACE: IP-Based Emergency Applications and Services for Next-Generation Networks 2888.2.1 Introduction 2888.2.2 Project Scope 2898.2.3 Development Status 2918.3 US Department of Transportation’s NG 9-1-1 Pilot Project 2988.3.1 Overview 2988.3.2 Proof-of-Concept Description 3008.3.3 Testing 3138.3.4 Conclusion 3179 Organizations 3219.1 ETSI Emtel 3229.1.1 Purpose of ETSI Special Committee EMTEL (Emergency Communications) 3229.1.2 Main Features of EMTEL 3229.1.3 Scope of ETSI SC EMTEL Work 3239.1.4 Operation and Activities of SC EMTEL 3249.1.5 EMTEL Evolution and Strategy 3249.1.6 Vision for Future Emergency Services 3259.2 NENA 3269.3 EENA 3279.3.1 What Is EENA? 3279.3.2 What EENA Does? 3279.3.3 What Are the EENA Memberships? 3289.4 Ecma International 3309.4.1 Ecma International 3309.4.2 Ecma Technical Committee TC 32 3319.4.3 ECMA TR/101, Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Emergency Calls 3319.5 ATIS 3329.5.1 Emergency Services Interconnection Forum (ESIF) 3329.5.2 Next-Generation Emergency Services (NGES) Subcommittee 3339.5.3 Example ESIF Issues 3349.5.4 Summary 3369.6 The NG9-1-1 Caucus and the NG9-1-1 Institute 3369.7 COCOM EGEA 33810 Conclusion and Outlook 34110.1 Location 34110.2 Architectures 34210.3 Deployments 34310.4 Security and Privacy 34410.5 Emergency Services for Persons with Disabilities 34410.6 Regulation 34510.7 Research Projects and Pilots 34510.8 Funding 346References 349Index 363

Professor Henning Schulzrinne, Columbia University, USA Henning Schulzrinne has worked on Internet-based emergency calling since 2001, and has helped design the overall emergency calling architecture, the service URN mechanism and the PSAP mapping protocol (LoST). Prior to that, he was a long-term participant in the IETF VoIP-related standardization process, starting with RTP and continuing with VoIP signaling (SIP). Henning currently teaches networking and related subjects at Columbia University.  He has published numerous journal and conference articles, as well as two books. Henning is a Fellow of the IEEE.Hannes Tschofenig, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland Hannes Tschofenig has worked on the topic of emergency services for the past 5 years in the area of standardization. He is Chair of the IETF Emergency Context Resolution with Internet Technology (ECRIT) working group with Marc Linsner, and Chair of the European Emergency Number Association (EENA) Next Generation 112 Technical Committee with Roger Hixson (NENA management person).  Hannes and Henning have organized the SDO emergency services workshops with a small group of people, where they have contributed to a number of specifications in this field. Tschofenig has taught courses, and given presentations and tutorials about emergency services to other professionals.

“In addition, practitioners, product architects, and developers will find interesting and useful ideas. Many parts of the book can be recommended to experts working on standards and regulations.”  (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 February 2015)

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvAcronyms xxvii1 Introduction 11.1 History 11.2 Overview 51.3 Building Blocks 81.3.1 Recognizing Emergency Calls 81.3.2 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 91.3.3 Routing Emergency Calls 92 Location: Formats, Encoding and Protocols 112.1 Applying the PIDF-LO civicAddress Type to US Addresses 142.1.1 Introduction: The Context and Purpose of PIDF-LO and CLDXF 152.1.2 CLDXF Elements 172.1.3 Conclusion 302.2 DHCP as a Location Configuration Protocol (LCP) 312.2.1 What’s New in RFC 6225? 322.2.2 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Option Formats 322.2.3 Option Support 352.2.4 Latitude and Longitude Fields 362.2.5 Altitude 362.2.6 Datum 372.3 Geography Markup Language (GML) 372.3.1 Introduction 372.3.2 Overview of the OGC 382.3.3 The OGC Geography Markup Language (GML) 382.3.4 Conclusion 472.4 A Taxonomy of the IETF HELD Protocol 472.4.1 The LIS and HELD 482.4.2 LIS Discovery 482.4.3 Basic HELD 532.4.4 HELD Target Identities and Third-Party Requests 592.4.5 HELD Measurements 622.4.6 HELD as a Dereference Protocol 642.4.7 HELD Policy URIs 662.4.8 HELD Device Capabilities 692.5 OMA Enablers and Emergency Services 722.5.1 SUPL 732.5.2 MLS 842.5.3 MLP 852.5.4 LOCSIP 892.6 3GPP Location Protocols 922.6.1 Introduction 922.6.2 Location Technology in 3GPP Networks 932.6.3 Emergency Location Information in 3GPP CS Domain, Control Plane 1002.6.4 Emergency Location Information in the IMS 1003 Architectures 1033.1 NENA i2 1043.1.1 Background 1043.1.2 The i2 Architecture 1053.1.3 Regulatory Situation and Deployment Status 1173.2 NENA i3 1193.2.1 History 1193.2.2 Emergency Services IP Networks 1203.2.3 Signaling and Routing IP-Originated Calls 1213.2.4 Legacy Wireline and Wireless Origination 1223.2.5 Emergency Events 1233.2.6 Routing Calls Within the ESInet 1233.2.7 Provisioning the ECRF 1243.2.8 PSAPs 1253.2.9 Other i3 Features 1263.3 IETF Emergency Services for Internet Multimedia 1263.3.1 Introduction 1263.3.2 Recognizing Emergency Calls 1283.3.3 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 1283.3.4 Routing Emergency Calls 1293.3.5 Obligations 1303.3.6 LoST Mapping Architecture 1323.3.7 Steps Toward an IETF Emergency Services Architecture 1353.3.8 Summary 1383.4 Emergency Services Support in WiFi Networks 1393.4.1 Introduction 1393.4.2 Location Configuration 1403.4.3 Support for Emergency Services 1413.4.4 Support for Emergency Alert Systems 1423.5 WiMAX 1423.5.1 The WiMAX Network Architecture 1433.5.2 Network Architecture for Emergency Services Support 1483.5.3 The Fundamental Building Blocks 1503.5.4 Roaming Considerations and Network Entry 1523.5.5 Limited Access 1543.5.6 Location Support in WiMAX 1573.5.7 Conclusion 1633.6 3gpp 1633.6.1 Introduction 1633.6.2 Requirements 1643.6.3 Emergency Calls in the CS Domain 1693.6.4 Emergency Calls in PS Domain 1763.6.5 Identified Overload Problems 1894 Deployment Examples 1934.1 Emergency Calling in Sweden 1954.1.1 Introduction 1954.1.2 Overview 1964.1.3 Protocols for PSAP Interconnection 1984.1.4 Protocol Standards 2004.1.5 Media 2014.1.6 Emergency Call Routing 2014.1.7 Testing 2014.1.8 Examples 2014.2 UK Specification for Locating VoIP Callers 2094.2.1 Introduction 2094.2.2 The Regulatory Environment 2094.2.3 Standards Development 2104.2.4 The Current UK Emergency Services Structure 2104.2.5 Principles Driving the Specification 2114.2.6 Putting It All Together 2134.2.7 Implications for Access Network Providers 2154.3 Implementation of VoIP 9-1-1 Services in Canada 2164.3.1 Regulatory Framework (About the CRTC) 2174.3.2 Canada’s Telecom Profile 2174.3.3 Interim Solution for Nomadic and Fixed/Non-Native VoIP 2204.3.4 The (Defunct) Canadian i2 Proposal 2224.3.5 VoIP Regulatory Processes, Decisions and Milestones 2274.3.6 Lessons Learned 2294.3.7 Conclusion 2304.4 US/Indiana Wireless Direct Network Project 2304.4.1 Background and History of the IWDN 2314.4.2 The IWDN Crossroads Project 2314.4.3 The IN911 IP Network 2324.4.4 Conclusion 2355 Security for IP-Based Emergency Services 2375.1 Introduction 2375.2 Communication Model 2385.3 Adversary Models and Security Threats 2405.4 Security Threats 2415.4.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 2425.4.2 Attacks Involving the Emergency Identifier 2425.4.3 Attacks Against the Mapping System 2435.4.4 Attacks Against the Location Information Server 2445.4.5 Swatting 2455.4.6 Attacks to Prevent a Specific Individual From Receiving Aid 2465.4.7 Attacks to Gain Information About an Emergency 2465.4.8 Interfering With the LIS and LoST Server Discovery Procedure 2465.4.9 Call Identity Spoofing 2475.5 Countermeasures 2485.5.1 Discovery 2485.5.2 Secure Session Setup and Caller Identity 2505.5.3 Media Exchange 2515.5.4 Mapping Database Security 2516 Emergency Services for Persons With Disabilities 2536.1 What Is Specific with Communication for People with Disabilities? 2536.1.1 Important Characteristics of Regular Voice Telephony 2536.1.2 Important Characteristics of Accessible Conversational Services Suitable for People with Disabilities 2546.2 Reality Today 2556.3 Interpretation of the Term “Equivalent Service” 2556.4 Sad History 2566.5 Policy and Regulation Support 2566.5.1 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2566.5.2 The European Union Universal Service Directive 2576.5.3 The Telecom Act and Public Procurement Act in the United States 2576.5.4 Americans With Disability Act 2576.5.5 Relay Service Regulation in the United States 2586.6 Good Opportunities in IP-Based Services 2586.7 Implementation Experience 2607 Regulatory Situation 2617.1 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the United States 2627.1.1 Introduction 2627.1.2 Background 2627.1.3 E9-1-1 Requirements 2637.2 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the European Union 2667.2.1 Introduction 2667.2.2 Regulatory Development of Emergency Services Under EU Law 2677.2.3 Current Legal Framework 2677.2.4 New Legal Framework 2747.2.5 Emergency Regulation Outside of the EU Telecom Regulatory Framework 2767.2.6 Conclusion 2768 Research Projects and Pilots 2798.1 REACH112: Responding to All Citizens Needing Help 2808.1.1 Outline 2808.1.2 Emergency Service Access 2828.1.3 The Obstacles 2848.1.4 Conclusion 2888.2 PEACE: IP-Based Emergency Applications and Services for Next-Generation Networks 2888.2.1 Introduction 2888.2.2 Project Scope 2898.2.3 Development Status 2918.3 US Department of Transportation’s NG 9-1-1 Pilot Project 2988.3.1 Overview 2988.3.2 Proof-of-Concept Description 3008.3.3 Testing 3138.3.4 Conclusion 3179 Organizations 3219.1 ETSI Emtel 3229.1.1 Purpose of ETSI Special Committee EMTEL (Emergency Communications) 3229.1.2 Main Features of EMTEL 3229.1.3 Scope of ETSI SC EMTEL Work 3239.1.4 Operation and Activities of SC EMTEL 3249.1.5 EMTEL Evolution and Strategy 3249.1.6 Vision for Future Emergency Services 3259.2 NENA 3269.3 EENA 3279.3.1 What Is EENA? 3279.3.2 What EENA Does? 3279.3.3 What Are the EENA Memberships? 3289.4 Ecma International 3309.4.1 Ecma International 3309.4.2 Ecma Technical Committee TC 32 3319.4.3 ECMA TR/101, Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Emergency Calls 3319.5 ATIS 3329.5.1 Emergency Services Interconnection Forum (ESIF) 3329.5.2 Next-Generation Emergency Services (NGES) Subcommittee 3339.5.3 Example ESIF Issues 3349.5.4 Summary 3369.6 The NG9-1-1 Caucus and the NG9-1-1 Institute 3369.7 COCOM EGEA 33810 Conclusion and Outlook 34110.1 Location 34110.2 Architectures 34210.3 Deployments 34310.4 Security and Privacy 34410.5 Emergency Services for Persons with Disabilities 34410.6 Regulation 34510.7 Research Projects and Pilots 34510.8 Funding 346References 349Index 363

Professor Henning Schulzrinne, Columbia University, USA Henning Schulzrinne has worked on Internet-based emergency calling since 2001, and has helped design the overall emergency calling architecture, the service URN mechanism and the PSAP mapping protocol (LoST). Prior to that, he was a long-term participant in the IETF VoIP-related standardization process, starting with RTP and continuing with VoIP signaling (SIP). Henning currently teaches networking and related subjects at Columbia University.  He has published numerous journal and conference articles, as well as two books. Henning is a Fellow of the IEEE.Hannes Tschofenig, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland Hannes Tschofenig has worked on the topic of emergency services for the past 5 years in the area of standardization. He is Chair of the IETF Emergency Context Resolution with Internet Technology (ECRIT) working group with Marc Linsner, and Chair of the European Emergency Number Association (EENA) Next Generation 112 Technical Committee with Roger Hixson (NENA management person).  Hannes and Henning have organized the SDO emergency services workshops with a small group of people, where they have contributed to a number of specifications in this field. Tschofenig has taught courses, and given presentations and tutorials about emergency services to other professionals.

“In addition, practitioners, product architects, and developers will find interesting and useful ideas. Many parts of the book can be recommended to experts working on standards and regulations.”  (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 February 2015)

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvAcronyms xxvii1 Introduction 11.1 History 11.2 Overview 51.3 Building Blocks 81.3.1 Recognizing Emergency Calls 81.3.2 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 91.3.3 Routing Emergency Calls 92 Location: Formats, Encoding and Protocols 112.1 Applying the PIDF-LO civicAddress Type to US Addresses 142.1.1 Introduction: The Context and Purpose of PIDF-LO and CLDXF 152.1.2 CLDXF Elements 172.1.3 Conclusion 302.2 DHCP as a Location Configuration Protocol (LCP) 312.2.1 What’s New in RFC 6225? 322.2.2 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Option Formats 322.2.3 Option Support 352.2.4 Latitude and Longitude Fields 362.2.5 Altitude 362.2.6 Datum 372.3 Geography Markup Language (GML) 372.3.1 Introduction 372.3.2 Overview of the OGC 382.3.3 The OGC Geography Markup Language (GML) 382.3.4 Conclusion 472.4 A Taxonomy of the IETF HELD Protocol 472.4.1 The LIS and HELD 482.4.2 LIS Discovery 482.4.3 Basic HELD 532.4.4 HELD Target Identities and Third-Party Requests 592.4.5 HELD Measurements 622.4.6 HELD as a Dereference Protocol 642.4.7 HELD Policy URIs 662.4.8 HELD Device Capabilities 692.5 OMA Enablers and Emergency Services 722.5.1 SUPL 732.5.2 MLS 842.5.3 MLP 852.5.4 LOCSIP 892.6 3GPP Location Protocols 922.6.1 Introduction 922.6.2 Location Technology in 3GPP Networks 932.6.3 Emergency Location Information in 3GPP CS Domain, Control Plane 1002.6.4 Emergency Location Information in the IMS 1003 Architectures 1033.1 NENA i2 1043.1.1 Background 1043.1.2 The i2 Architecture 1053.1.3 Regulatory Situation and Deployment Status 1173.2 NENA i3 1193.2.1 History 1193.2.2 Emergency Services IP Networks 1203.2.3 Signaling and Routing IP-Originated Calls 1213.2.4 Legacy Wireline and Wireless Origination 1223.2.5 Emergency Events 1233.2.6 Routing Calls Within the ESInet 1233.2.7 Provisioning the ECRF 1243.2.8 PSAPs 1253.2.9 Other i3 Features 1263.3 IETF Emergency Services for Internet Multimedia 1263.3.1 Introduction 1263.3.2 Recognizing Emergency Calls 1283.3.3 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 1283.3.4 Routing Emergency Calls 1293.3.5 Obligations 1303.3.6 LoST Mapping Architecture 1323.3.7 Steps Toward an IETF Emergency Services Architecture 1353.3.8 Summary 1383.4 Emergency Services Support in WiFi Networks 1393.4.1 Introduction 1393.4.2 Location Configuration 1403.4.3 Support for Emergency Services 1413.4.4 Support for Emergency Alert Systems 1423.5 WiMAX 1423.5.1 The WiMAX Network Architecture 1433.5.2 Network Architecture for Emergency Services Support 1483.5.3 The Fundamental Building Blocks 1503.5.4 Roaming Considerations and Network Entry 1523.5.5 Limited Access 1543.5.6 Location Support in WiMAX 1573.5.7 Conclusion 1633.6 3gpp 1633.6.1 Introduction 1633.6.2 Requirements 1643.6.3 Emergency Calls in the CS Domain 1693.6.4 Emergency Calls in PS Domain 1763.6.5 Identified Overload Problems 1894 Deployment Examples 1934.1 Emergency Calling in Sweden 1954.1.1 Introduction 1954.1.2 Overview 1964.1.3 Protocols for PSAP Interconnection 1984.1.4 Protocol Standards 2004.1.5 Media 2014.1.6 Emergency Call Routing 2014.1.7 Testing 2014.1.8 Examples 2014.2 UK Specification for Locating VoIP Callers 2094.2.1 Introduction 2094.2.2 The Regulatory Environment 2094.2.3 Standards Development 2104.2.4 The Current UK Emergency Services Structure 2104.2.5 Principles Driving the Specification 2114.2.6 Putting It All Together 2134.2.7 Implications for Access Network Providers 2154.3 Implementation of VoIP 9-1-1 Services in Canada 2164.3.1 Regulatory Framework (About the CRTC) 2174.3.2 Canada’s Telecom Profile 2174.3.3 Interim Solution for Nomadic and Fixed/Non-Native VoIP 2204.3.4 The (Defunct) Canadian i2 Proposal 2224.3.5 VoIP Regulatory Processes, Decisions and Milestones 2274.3.6 Lessons Learned 2294.3.7 Conclusion 2304.4 US/Indiana Wireless Direct Network Project 2304.4.1 Background and History of the IWDN 2314.4.2 The IWDN Crossroads Project 2314.4.3 The IN911 IP Network 2324.4.4 Conclusion 2355 Security for IP-Based Emergency Services 2375.1 Introduction 2375.2 Communication Model 2385.3 Adversary Models and Security Threats 2405.4 Security Threats 2415.4.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 2425.4.2 Attacks Involving the Emergency Identifier 2425.4.3 Attacks Against the Mapping System 2435.4.4 Attacks Against the Location Information Server 2445.4.5 Swatting 2455.4.6 Attacks to Prevent a Specific Individual From Receiving Aid 2465.4.7 Attacks to Gain Information About an Emergency 2465.4.8 Interfering With the LIS and LoST Server Discovery Procedure 2465.4.9 Call Identity Spoofing 2475.5 Countermeasures 2485.5.1 Discovery 2485.5.2 Secure Session Setup and Caller Identity 2505.5.3 Media Exchange 2515.5.4 Mapping Database Security 2516 Emergency Services for Persons With Disabilities 2536.1 What Is Specific with Communication for People with Disabilities? 2536.1.1 Important Characteristics of Regular Voice Telephony 2536.1.2 Important Characteristics of Accessible Conversational Services Suitable for People with Disabilities 2546.2 Reality Today 2556.3 Interpretation of the Term “Equivalent Service” 2556.4 Sad History 2566.5 Policy and Regulation Support 2566.5.1 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2566.5.2 The European Union Universal Service Directive 2576.5.3 The Telecom Act and Public Procurement Act in the United States 2576.5.4 Americans With Disability Act 2576.5.5 Relay Service Regulation in the United States 2586.6 Good Opportunities in IP-Based Services 2586.7 Implementation Experience 2607 Regulatory Situation 2617.1 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the United States 2627.1.1 Introduction 2627.1.2 Background 2627.1.3 E9-1-1 Requirements 2637.2 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the European Union 2667.2.1 Introduction 2667.2.2 Regulatory Development of Emergency Services Under EU Law 2677.2.3 Current Legal Framework 2677.2.4 New Legal Framework 2747.2.5 Emergency Regulation Outside of the EU Telecom Regulatory Framework 2767.2.6 Conclusion 2768 Research Projects and Pilots 2798.1 REACH112: Responding to All Citizens Needing Help 2808.1.1 Outline 2808.1.2 Emergency Service Access 2828.1.3 The Obstacles 2848.1.4 Conclusion 2888.2 PEACE: IP-Based Emergency Applications and Services for Next-Generation Networks 2888.2.1 Introduction 2888.2.2 Project Scope 2898.2.3 Development Status 2918.3 US Department of Transportation’s NG 9-1-1 Pilot Project 2988.3.1 Overview 2988.3.2 Proof-of-Concept Description 3008.3.3 Testing 3138.3.4 Conclusion 3179 Organizations 3219.1 ETSI Emtel 3229.1.1 Purpose of ETSI Special Committee EMTEL (Emergency Communications) 3229.1.2 Main Features of EMTEL 3229.1.3 Scope of ETSI SC EMTEL Work 3239.1.4 Operation and Activities of SC EMTEL 3249.1.5 EMTEL Evolution and Strategy 3249.1.6 Vision for Future Emergency Services 3259.2 NENA 3269.3 EENA 3279.3.1 What Is EENA? 3279.3.2 What EENA Does? 3279.3.3 What Are the EENA Memberships? 3289.4 Ecma International 3309.4.1 Ecma International 3309.4.2 Ecma Technical Committee TC 32 3319.4.3 ECMA TR/101, Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Emergency Calls 3319.5 ATIS 3329.5.1 Emergency Services Interconnection Forum (ESIF) 3329.5.2 Next-Generation Emergency Services (NGES) Subcommittee 3339.5.3 Example ESIF Issues 3349.5.4 Summary 3369.6 The NG9-1-1 Caucus and the NG9-1-1 Institute 3369.7 COCOM EGEA 33810 Conclusion and Outlook 34110.1 Location 34110.2 Architectures 34210.3 Deployments 34310.4 Security and Privacy 34410.5 Emergency Services for Persons with Disabilities 34410.6 Regulation 34510.7 Research Projects and Pilots 34510.8 Funding 346References 349Index 363