Modelling 1H NMR Spectra of Organic Compounds

Raymond Abraham was appointed lecturer in organic chemistry at the The University of Liverpool in 196. Since then he has remained at Liverpool, with two fellowships taken at the Mellon Institute and the University of Trondheim in 1966 and 1979 respectively, now holding the position of Emeritus Professor. His research interests include: Molecular modelling and Proton Chemical Shift Predictions; Non-bonded and Hydrogen bonding Interactions and Conformational Analysis; and Lanthanide Induced Shifts and Molecular Geometries. He has over 300 publications including three books and ten reviews. Mehdi Mobli is currently a post-doctoral research fellow at Manchester University, having completed his B.Sc in chemical engineering at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and his Ph.D. with Professor Abraham at The University of Liverpool. He has published 10 papers mainly in conjunction with Professor Abraham, all focused on the topic of this text.

• Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction to 1H NMR.1.1 Historical background.1.2 Basic Theory.1.3 The 1H chemical shift.1.3.1.Nuclear shielding, reference compounds,.1.4. 1H Substituent chemical shifts (SCS).1.4.1. Two-bond effects (H.C.X), Shoolery’s rules,.1.4.2. Three-bond effects (H.C.C.X).1.4.3.1H SCS in olefins and aromatics.1.5 Long range effects on 1H chemical shifts.1.5.1. Steric (Van-der-Waals) shifts.1.5.2. electric field and anisotropic shifts.1.5.3. ã electron effects, aromatic ring currents.1.5.4. Hydrogen bonding shifts.1.6.Tables of 1H Chemical Shifts of Common Cyclic Systems.Chapter 2: Interpretation of 1H NMR coupling patterns.2.1 Fine Structure due to HH coupling.2.2 The Analysis of NMR Spectra.2.2.1. Nomenclature of the spin system, chemical and magnetic equivalence.2.2.2. Two interacting nuclei, the AB spectrum.2.2.3. Three interacting nuclei, the ABX spectrum.2.2.4. Four interacting nuclei, the ABRX spectrum, the AA?XX? spectrum.2.2.5. Iterative Computer Analysis, examples.2.3. The Mechanism of Spin-Spin Coupling.2.3.1. Geminal HH Couplings.2.3.2. Vicinal HH Couplings, CH:CH couplings, CH.CH couplings.2.3.3. Ab-initio calculations of couplings.2.3.4. Long-range HH Couplings.2.4. HF Couplings.2.4.1. Geminal HF Couplings.2.4.2. Vicinal HF Couplings, CH:CF couplings, CH.CF couplings.2.4.3. Long-range HF Couplings.Chapter 3: Methods of Predicting 1H Chemical Shifts.3.1. Quantum mechanical calculations of 1H Chemical shifts.3.2. The Data Base Approach, the Hose code.3.3. Semi-empirical calculations,.3.4. Theory of the CHARGE program,.3.4.1 Through Bond Effects.3.4.2 1H Chemical Shifts in Substituted Methanes and Ethanes.3.4.3 Through Space Effects, steric, electric field, magnetic anisotropy.3.4.4Hydrogen Bonding Shifts, ab-initio calculations.3.4.5 Aromatic Compounds, ring currents, ã-electron densities.Chapter 4: Modelling 1H Chemical Shifts, Alkanes,Alkenes and Alkynes.4.1. Alkanes.4.1.1 H..H and C..H steric effects.4.1.2 The methyl effect.4.1.3 C.C Bond Anisotropy.4.1.4 Observed vs Calculated Shifts.a) Acyclic alkanes.b) Cyclic Alkanes.c) Methyl Cycloalkanes.d) Androstane.e) Chemical Shift contributions in Cyclohexane.4.2 Alkenes.4.2.1.C=C Bond Anisotropy and Shielding.4.2.2 Observed vs Calculated Shifts.a) Acyclic alkenes.b) Monocyclic alkenes.c) Aromatic alkenes.d) Norbornenes and bicyclooctenes.e) Pinenes.f) Conclusions.4.3.Alkynes.4.3.1.CðC Bond Anisotropy and Shielding.4.3.2 Observed vs Calculated Shifts.4.3.3. Acetylene SCS.4.3.4. Contributions to Acetylene SCS.4.3.5. Napthyl and Phenanthryl acetylenes.4.4. Summary.Chapter 5: MODELLING 1H CHEMICAL SHIFTS, Aromatics.5.1 Aromatic Hydrocarbons.5.1.1. Ring currents, ã-electron density, steric effects.5.1.2. Observed vs Calculated Shifts.a) Condensed aromatics.b) Cyclophanes.c)Substituted Benzenes.5.2. Heteroaromatics.5.2.1. Theory and Application to Heteroaromatics.5.2.2. Observed vs Calculated Shifts..a) Furans, thiophenes and pyrroles.b) Indoles,quinolines ans isoquinolines.c) Diazabenzenes and azoles.5.2.3. Ring current and ã-electron shifts.5.3. Summary.Chapter 6: MODELLING 1H CHEMICAL SHIFTS, Mono valent Substituents.6.1. Flourocompounds.6.1.1. Electric field theory.6.1.2. Fluoroalkanes.6.1.3. Fluoroalkenes.6.2. Steric,Anisotropic and Electric Field Effects in Chloro,bromo and Iodo SCS.6.2.1. Aromatic halides.6.2.2. Alkyl halides.6.2.3. Contributions to Halo SCS in cyclohexanes.6.2.4. Steric Coefficients for Halogens.6.3. Hydroxy Compounds.6.3.1 Alcohols and diols.6.3.2Phenols.6.4. Amines.6.4.1 Observed vs Calculated Shifts.6.5. Cyanides.6.5.1 Observed vs Calculated Shifts.6.5.2. Cyano SCS.6.6. Nitro Compounds.6.6.1. Observed vs Calculated Shifts.6.6.2.Conformational Analysis.6.7. Summary.Chapter 7: MODELLING 1H CHEMICAL SHIFTS, Divalent Substituents.7.1. Aldehydes and Ketones.7.1.1.Aliphatic aldehydes and ketones.a) Observed vs Calculated shifts.7.1.2. Aromatic aldehydes and ketones.a). Keto-enol tautomerism in anthrone.7.2. Esters.7.2.1.Observed vs Calculated shifts.7.3 Amides.7.3.1.Aliphatic and cyclic amides.7.3.2 Aromatic amides.7.4. Ethers.7.4.1.Oxygen SCS in ethers.7.4.2.Observed vs Calculated Shifts.7.5. Sulfoxides, sulfones, sulphites.7.5.1.Observed vs Calculated Shifts.7.6. Summary.Chapter 8: 1H CHEMICAL SHIFTS AND STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY.8.1. Electronic Structure Calculations.8.1.1. Basis sets.8.2. Molecular Mechanics Calculations.8.2.1. Conformer generation.8.3. Molecular Geometries and 1H Chemical Shifts.8.3.1. Methyl anthracene-9-carboxylate.8.3.2. N-formyl aniline.8.3.3. Benzosuberone.8.4. Rate Processes and NMR Spectra.8.4.1. Theory.8.4.2. Amide rotation.8.4.3. Proton exchange equilibria.8.4.4. Rotation about single bonds, ring inversion processes.8.5. Solvent Effects.8.5.1. Non-polar compounds.8.5.2. Polar Aprotic Compounds.8.5.3. Protic Compounds.8.5.4. Diols and Polyhydroxy Compounds.8.5.5. Chemical Shift.Contributions.8.6. Summary.Chapter 9: Strategies for 1H NMR prediction.9.1. Calculating 1H NMR spectra.9.1.1. Molecular Modelling, PCMODEL.9.1.2. Calculating 1H chemical shifts and coupling constants, HNMRSPEC.9.1.3. Displaying the calculated 1H spectrum, 1HPLOT.9.1.4. Advanced use of HNMRSPEC_S.9.1.5. Calculation/Iteration of 2nd order 1H spectra from specified δ’s and J’s. LAOCOON.9.2. Automated spectral prediction, NMRPredict.Appendix 1. The observed vs calculated 1H NMR chemical shifts of ca 1000 spectra.Appendix 2. The observed vs calculated 1H NMR chemical shifts of 113 Substituted Benzenes.Appendix 3. The observed vs calculated 1H NMR chemical shifts of 65 Substituted Pyridines.