Next Generation Wireless Applications

Paul Golding has over fifteen years experience in the wireless and mobile technology industry. Paul runs his own consultancy company Magic E Company and is currently consulting?in the area of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC). He has worked as senior consultant within Motorola's newly formed mobile applications team involving numerous encounters with operators globally and with numerous mobile applications vendors. He also has a popular blog which features a series of 100 Mobile Ideas, which has been followed by various industry participants, including prominent companies (e.g. Yahoo, Vodafone, O2, Etisalat).

• Acknowledgements xvPreface xviiAbbreviations and Acronyms xix1 Prelude – The Next Generation Experience 11.1 What is ‘Next Generation’ Anyhow? 11.2 The Mobile Mindset 21.3 The Future’s Bright, the Future’s Ubiquity 31.4 Our Multitasking Mobile Future 92 Introduction 112.1 What Does ‘Next Generation’ Mean? 112.2 What is a ‘Wireless Application’? 132.3 A Concentric Networks Approach 142.3.1 Social Network 152.3.2 Device Network 162.3.3 Radio Frequency (RF – Wireless) Network 172.3.4 Internet Protocol (IP) Network 192.3.5 Content Network 202.4 Application Topologies 212.5 Physical Network Elements 243 Becoming an Operator 2.0 273.1 Introduction 273.2 What Applications Can I Sell? 283.3 Where Does the Money Come From? 293.4 Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) Retailing 303.4.1 Application Discovery 303.4.2 Application Distribution 323.4.3 Application Access 333.4.4 Charging Mechanism 333.5 Operator Retailing 343.6 Selling to Operators 353.6.1 Top Ten Selling Tips 353.6.2 Selling Apps to Operators – Operator Perspective 373.7 Which Applications Should an Operator Deploy? 383.7.1 The Market Challenges 383.7.2 The User-Experience Focus 393.8 Interpreting User-Experience Trends into Applications 403.9 Wider Digital Trends Including Web 2.0 413.9.1 Web 2.0 and Mobile Web 2.0 413.9.2 Mobile Web 2.0 or Mobile 2.0? 433.9.3 Content Trends 443.10 Harnessing the Trends 473.11 Conclusion 484 Introduction to Mobile Service Architectures and Paradigms 494.1 Possible Application Paradigms for Mobile Services 494.2 Modes of Mobile Interaction 534.3 Mapping the Interaction to the Network Model 544.4 Mobile Interaction in the Mobile Ecosystem 574.4.1 Social Network 584.4.2 Device Network 594.4.3 RF Network 614.4.4 IP Network 664.4.5 Content Network 674.4.6 Machine Network 704.5 Modes of Communication Across the Network Layers 704.5.1 Human-to-Human Interaction (H2H) 704.5.2 Human-to-Content Interaction (H2C) 734.5.3 Human-to-Machine Interaction (H2M) 754.5.4 Machine-to-Machine Interaction (M2M) 774.6 Operator Challenges 794.7 The Web 2.0 Challenge 835 P-Centric Mobile Ecosystem and Web 2.0 855.1 Introduction 855.2 The Internet and Web 2.0 915.3 The Challenges of Liberating Data 935.3.1 Challenge 1: Making Database Information Human-readable 955.3.2 Challenge 2: Adding Visual Formatting to the Database Information 1005.3.3 Challenge 3: The Need for a Protocol 1025.3.4 Challenge 4: The Need for a Delivery Mechanism 1065.4 Did We Need HTTP and HTML? 1095.5 Overcoming Web Limitations with Web 2.0’s AJAX, Widgets and Other Goodies 1115.6 Sidestepping the Web with P2P Interaction 1145.7 Going Beyond Publishing with Web Services 1175.8 Semantic Web 1205.9 XML Glue 1225.10 Real-Time Services 1245.10.1 Multimedia Streaming 1245.10.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 1276 Client–Server Platforms for Mobile Services 1296.1 The Greater Challenges 1306.2 The Specific Challenges 1346.3 Service Delivery Platforms 1366.4 Software Services Technologies 1396.4.1 Example CS Design Issues 1416.5 Introducing J2EE – The ‘Dirty Stuff’ Done For Us! 1466.6 Why All the Fuss About J2EE? 1486.6.1 The Challenges of Integration 1496.7 Handling SIP with Java 1567 HTTP, WAP, AJAX, P2P and IM Protocols 1597.1 The Rise of the Web 1597.2 How HTTP and HTML works 1607.3 Important Detail is in the HTTP Headers 1647.4 The Challenges of Using HTTP Over a Wireless Link 1677.5 WAP Data Transmission Protocols 1717.5.1 Protocol Stack Paradigm 1717.5.2 The WAP Stack 1737.5.3 Wireless-Profiled TCP 1767.5.4 Wireless-Profiled HTTP (W-HTTP) 1797.6 Wireless Protocols – WTP and WSP 1837.6.1 Introduction 1837.6.2 Wireless Transport Protocol (WTP) 1847.6.3 Concatenation and Segmentation 1867.6.4 Segmentation and Reassembly in Action 1877.6.5 Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) 1887.6.6 WAP Push 1897.7 Ajax 1927.8 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) 1937.8.1 Defining P2P 1937.8.2 Some P2P Concepts 1947.8.3 Jxta 1957.9 Instant Messaging (IM) Protocols 1987.9.1 Sip/simple 1987.9.2 Xmpp 2007.9.3 Imps 2017.9.4 IM Interoperability 2027.9.5 Protocol Acceptance (Support) 2038 J2EE Presentation Layer 2078.1 Separating Presentation from Business Logic 2078.1.1 Servlets and JSPs – ‘HTTP Programs’ 2098.1.2 Comparing Servlets with JSPs 2118.2 Markup Languages for Mobile Devices 2148.2.1 The HTML Foundation 2158.2.2 The Mobile Evolution (WML) 2188.3 Full Circle – WML ‘Becomes’ XHTML 2268.3.1 XHTML is Modular 2278.3.2 XHTML Basic 2298.3.3 XHTML-MP (Mobile Profile) – The Final Frontier 2338.3.4 Using XHTML-MP 2348.3.5 Browser-specific Enhancements to XHTML-MP 2398.3.6 Guidelines for Mobile Webpage Authoring 2428.4 Managing Different Devices 2478.5 Building Device-Independent Applications 2508.5.1 Detecting and Capturing Device or Browser Information 2528.5.2 Conveying CC/PP Information 2548.5.3 Dynamic Page Generation Schemes 2598.6 Managing Sessions 2708.6.1 Cookies to the Rescue 2728.7 MMS and SMIL 2779 Using J2EE for Mobile Services 2839.1 Technologies Underpinning J2EE 2849.1.1 Containers – The J2EE ‘Glue’ 2849.1.2 RMI – The EJB ‘Glue’ 2879.1.3 Stubs and Skeletons – The Inner Workings of RMI 2889.2 Managing Security 2939.2.1 Securely Connecting the User 2949.2.2 HTTP Authentication – Basic 2959.2.3 HTTP Authentication – Digest 2989.3 Encrypting the HTTP Link 3039.3.1 Public Key Cryptography 3059.3.2 Using PKC to Secure Web Connections 3069.4 Applying SSL to Wireless 3109.5 End-to-End Encryption in a Mobile Network 31310 Mobile Devices 31710.1 Introduction 31710.2 Interface Elements 31910.2.1 Tactile Interface Elements 31910.2.2 Aural Interface Elements 32310.2.3 Vocal Interface Elements 32310.2.4 Visual Interface Elements 32410.3 Interface Layer 32510.3.1 Interfacing Via the Network Layer 32710.4 Service Layer 32810.5 Network Layer 32910.6 Role of DSP in Digital Wireless Devices 33310.6.1 Radio Frequency (RF) 33410.6.2 Analog Baseband 33410.6.3 Digital Baseband 33510.6.4 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 34110.6.5 Summary 34110.7 Suggesting a Generic Device Architecture 34210.7.1 Core Processor and Operating System 34310.7.2 Digital Signal Processor 34610.7.3 Application Loader 34910.7.4 Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 34910.8 Moving Towards a Commercial Mobile Platform 35410.8.1 Communications Utilities 35510.8.2 Personal Information Management (PIM) Utilities 36011 Mobile Application Paradigms 36511.1 Introduction 36511.2 Application Topologies 36511.3 Embedded Applications 36711.3.1 What Do We Need to Develop an Embedded Application? 36811.3.2 c and c++ Are Not the Only choices 36911.3.3 ‘Native’ Java Support 37011.4 Embedded Development Tools 37311.4.1 Design 37411.4.2 Configuring the IDE/Program Editing/Compilation and Build 37611.4.3 Testing and Debugging with a Simulator 37711.4.4 Testing on the Target Device 38011.4.5 Conducting Usability Tests 38211.4.6 Pilot Trials and Deployment 38311.5 Browser-based Applications 39311.5.1 Limited Local Processing 39611.5.2 Requires an Available Network Connection (Caching) 39711.5.3 User Interface Constraints 39811.6 Java Platform Applications 39911.7 The Java Ethos–aTaleofTwoParts 39911.8 Java 2 Micro Edition – ‘Wireless Java’ 40511.9 Using MIDP to Develop Mobile Applications 40911.10 What Does MIDP 2.0 Offer? 41211.10.1 Application Packaging and Delivery 41311.10.2 API Summary 41411.10.3 User Interface APIs 41411.10.4 Networking API 41811.10.5 Securing the APIs 41911.10.6 Push Mechanism 41911.11 MIDP OTA Download Mechanism 42011.12 What Does MIDP 3.0 Offer? 42411.13 On-Device Portals 42611.13.1 Introduction 42611.13.2 ODPs 42711.13.3 Alternative Application Paradigms – Opera Platform 42912 The RF Network 43312.1 The Essence of Cellular Networks 43412.1.1 RF Network Convergence 43612.2 The Radio Part 43912.2.1 Basic RF 44012.2.2 Building an RF Network 44212.2.3 Increasing Capacity Using TDMA 44612.2.4 Increasing Capacity Using CDMA 44812.3 The Harsher Reality of Cellular Systems 45112.3.1 Data-Rate Variation 45312.4 Mobile Broadband Networks 45612.4.1 Hspa 45712.4.2 WiMAX 45912.5 Techniques for Adaptation 46012.6 Cellular Network Operation 46512.6.1 Getting Data In and Out 46712.6.2 Gateway GPRS Service Node 46812.7 Accessing Network Assets 47212.7.1 J2EE Revisited 47812.7.2 Service Delivery Platforms Based on Web Services 48312.7.3 Standards for the Service Layer APIs – Parlay/OSA 48512.8 Parlay X (Parlay Web Services) 48812.8.1 What Does a Parlay X Message Look Like? 49013 Mobile Location Services 49513.1 ‘I’ve Just Run Someone Over’ 49513.2 ‘Where Am I?’ 49613.3 Message Handling Using J2EE 50313.4 Accuracy of Location-Based Services (LBS) 50713.5 Interfacing LBS Applications with the Cellular Network 51213.6 Integrating LBS Applications 51713.7 Multimedia Messaging (MM) 52113.7.1 Composing MMS Messages 52313.8 Getting in the Zone with Splash (Spatial) Messaging 53213.8.1 Introduction 53213.8.2 Connectedness of Things 53213.8.3 Making a Splash 53213.8.4 Splash-Messaging Summary 53814 Mobile 2.0 and IMS 54114.1 Introduction 54114.2 Mobile Transformation 54114.3 IMS – What is it Really? 54314.4 Why is IMS Important? 54414.5 Start Here: Internet Telephony, or VoIP 54414.6 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 54514.6.1 Making the Connection 54514.6.2 The CSCF Triad 54914.6.3 Media Support 55114.6.4 Media Out of IMS Control 55314.6.5 Telephony Gateway Support 55314.6.6 More Than Just SIP 55514.7 The Promise of a Common Services Environment 55714.7.1 Seamless Mobility and Convergence 55714.8 IMS as a Convergence Catalyst 55814.8.1 Mobile Roots, Fixed Branches 55814.8.2 Spanning the Mobile-fixed Divide – TISPAN 55914.8.3 A Winding Path to Convergence 55914.9 End Here: Beyond VoIP - Application Servers 56114.10 IMS Service Concept 56114.11 Service Examples 56314.11.1 Multimodal Chat 56314.11.2 Push-To-Taxi 56414.11.3 Avatar Chat 56614.12 The Universal Client and Web 2.0 56614.13 Conclusion 56815 Mobilising Media and TV 56915.1 Introduction 56915.2 Why ‘Experience’? 57015.3 Unique Mobilisation Characteristics 57115.3.1 Pervasiveness – Always On 57115.3.2 Personalising the Experience 57115.3.3 Merchandising – Paying is a Familiar Experience 57215.4 The Content Experience 57215.5 Mobilisation Options 57215.5.1 Client Versus Clientless: to WAP or Not to WAP 57315.5.2 On-Device Portals: Using Clients to Engage the User 57615.5.3 Offering Video Services 57715.6 Mobile TV 57815.6.1 Unicast (and Multicast) TV and Video 57915.6.2 Broadcast TV and Video 58015.7 Mobile TV is Not TV on the Mobile 58215.7.1 Interactivity 58315.7.2 Made-for-Mobile Production 58415.7.3 Time and Place Shifted Viewing 58415.7.4 TV-Centric Convergence 58415.8 Commercial Considerations 58515.9 Monetisation 58615.9.1 Subscription Models 58615.9.2 Advertising Models 587Index 589