Automotive Internetworking

Dr Timo Kosch, Team Manager, BMW Group Research and Technology, Germany Timo Kosch works as a team manager for BMW Group Research and Technology where he is responsible for projects on distributed systems, including such topics as cooperative systems for active safety and automotive IT security. He has been active in a number of national and international research programs and serves as coordinator for the European project COMeSafety, co-financed by the European Commission. He's also heading the system development for the German national Car2X field test. For more than 3 years, until recently, he had chaired the working group Architecture and was a member of the Technical Committee of the Car-to-Car Communication Consortium. He regularly presents at conferences and has written papers and journal articles and is currently the editor of IEEE Communications Magazine: Automotive Networking Series.Markus Strassberger, BMW Group Research and Technology, Munich, GermanyChristoph Schroth, St. Gallen University / SAP Research, Switzerland PhD student at the University of St. Gallen and Research Associate at the SAP Research CEC St. Gallen, Sitzerland. He has presented a number of papers at conferences and co-authored numerous journal articles.

• Preface xiList of Abbreviations xiii1 Automotive Internetworking: The Evolution Towards Connected and Cooperative Vehicles 11.1 Evolution of In-Vehicle Electronics 11.2 Motivation for Connected Vehicles 41.3 Terminology 71.4 Stakeholders 101.5 Outline of this Book 10References 122 Application Classifications and Requirements 132.1 Classification of Applications and their Implications 142.1.1 Driving-Related Applications 152.1.2 Vehicle-Related Applications 192.1.3 Passenger-Related Applications 222.2 Requirements and Overall System Properties 252.3 Overview on Suitable Communication Technologies 282.3.1 Communication Technologies 282.3.2 Suitability for AutoNet Applications 312.4 Summary 34References 343 System Architecture 373.1 Domain View of AutoNets 373.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model View 403.3 Profiling 423.4 Standardised Architectures 433.4.1 Architecture of the C2C Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) 443.4.2 ISO TC204 CALM Architecture 453.4.3 ETSI TC ITS Architecture: EN 302 655 473.4.4 IEEE WAVE Architecture Featuring IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609.x Standards 493.5 Subsystem Architectures 503.5.1 Vehicle Architecture 513.5.2 Roadside Architecture 553.5.3 Infrastructure Architecture 563.5.4 Mobile Device Architecture 613.6 Summary 62References 634 Applications: Functionality and Protocols 654.1 Foresighted Safety Case Study: Environmental Notifications 674.1.1 Data Collection and Individual Situation Analysis 684.1.2 Cooperative Situation Analysis 714.1.3 Distributed Knowledge Management 734.1.4 Individual Relevance and Interface to the Driver 754.1.5 Data Security and Privacy 774.1.6 Reliable Estimation of the Current Driving Condition 784.1.7 Communication and Information Dissemination 794.1.8 Standardisation Issues 804.2 Active Safety Case Study: Cooperative Collision Avoidance and Intersection Assistance 814.2.1 Data Collection 824.2.2 Situation Analysis and Application Logic 834.2.3 Knowledge Management 884.2.4 Communication 904.2.5 Security and Privacy 934.2.6 Driver Interaction 954.3 Green Driving Case Study: Traffic Lights Assistance 984.3.1 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory 994.3.2 Example: TRAVOLUTION 1074.4 Business and Convenience Case Study: Insurance and Financial Services 1074.4.1 Accident Management Services 1084.4.2 Examples for Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) 116References 1185 Application Support 1215.1 Application Support in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 1215.2 Communication Aspects in the Application Support 1235.2.1 CAM: Cooperative Awareness Messages 1235.2.2 DENM: Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages 1255.3 AutoNet Facilities 1255.3.1 Application Plane 1265.3.2 Information Plane 1285.3.3 Communication Plane 1305.4 Implementation Issues for the Application Support Layer 1315.5 Summary 133References 1336 Transport Layer 1356.1 Transport Layer Integration in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 1356.1.1 AutoNet Transport 1376.1.2 Tcp, Udp 1386.2 TCP in AutoNets 1396.2.1 Congestion Control in TCP 1406.2.2 Impact of AutoNets 1416.2.3 Enhancements of TCP and Technical Requirements for AutoNet Scenarios 1436.2.4 The MOCCA Transport Protocol 1446.2.5 Evaluation Results 1486.3 Summary 151References 1527 Networking 1557.1 Networking Principles in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 1557.1.1 Network Layer Functionality in AutoNets 1557.1.2 Network Protocol Data Units 1587.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Networking 1607.2.1 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Characteristics 1607.2.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Addressing and Routing 1657.2.3 Beaconing 1767.2.4 Network Utility Maximisation in AutoNets 1777.3 AutoNet Cellular Networking 1877.3.1 Communication Architecture for AutoNet Cellular Networking 1897.3.2 Deployment Strategies 1907.3.3 Interactions and Cross-Layer Optimisations 1927.4 IPv6 and Mobility Extensions 1927.4.1 IPv 6 1937.4.2 Mobility Extensions 1947.4.3 Deployment Issues 197References 2008 Physical Communication Technologies 2058.1 Wireless Networks in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 2068.2 Automotive WLAN and DSRC 2088.2.1 Spectrum Policies 2098.2.2 IEEE 802.11p 2138.2.3 Etsi G5a 2218.3 Utility-Centric Medium Access in IEEE 802.11p 2218.3.1 Data Differentiation 2218.3.2 Inter-Vehicle Contention 2228.3.3 Cross-Layer Issues 2238.3.4 Evaluation of Utility-Centric Medium Access 2258.4 Technology Comparison 2308.5 Conclusion 231References 2319 Security and Privacy 2339.1 Stakes, Assets, Threats and Attacks 2359.1.1 Stakeholders and Assets 2359.1.2 Threats and Attacks 2369.2 Challenges and Requirements 2389.3 AutoNet Security Architecture and Management 2419.4 Security Services 2449.4.1 Cryptographic Mechanisms 2449.4.2 Digital Signatures 2469.5 Certification 2479.5.1 Trust 2479.5.2 Trusted Third Platforms: Certificate Authorities 2499.5.3 Certificate Generation and Distribution 2509.5.4 Certificate Revocation 2539.6 Securing Vehicles 2539.7 Secure Communication 2549.7.1 Secure Messaging 2549.7.2 Secure Routing and Forwarding 2559.7.3 Secure Group Communication 2559.7.4 Plausibility Checks 2559.8 Privacy 2569.8.1 Secret Information 2569.9 Conclusion 258References 25910 System Management 26110.1 System Management in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 26110.2 Functional Management Building Blocks 26310.3 Selected Management Issues of an AutoNet Station 26410.3.1 Cost/Benefit Management 26410.3.2 Congestion Control 26510.3.3 Mobility Management 26510.3.4 TCP Management 26810.4 Implementation Issues of the Management Layer 27010.5 Summary 271References 27111 Research Methodologies 27311.1 Early Activities to Investigate AutoNets 27411.1.1 Activities at the University of Duisburg 27411.1.2 Activities at the Ohio State University 27511.2 Methodologies 27711.2.1 Model Domains for AutoNets 27811.2.2 Dependency Examples 28011.3 Simulation Methodology 28211.3.1 Communication Network Simulation 28411.3.2 Traffic Simulation 28711.3.3 Implementation Issues 29011.4 Field Operational Testing Methodology 29811.4.1 Applications and Requirements 30011.4.2 System Architecture 30211.4.3 Trials 30411.4.4 Analysis 30611.5 Summary 307References 30712 Markets 30912.1 Current Market Developments 31012.1.1 Technological Push 31112.1.2 Economic Pull 31112.1.3 Stakeholder Analysis 31212.2 Challenges 32712.2.1 Harmonisation and Standardisation 32812.2.2 Life Cycle 33012.2.3 Costs and Revenues in an Emerging Business Ecosystem 33012.2.4 Customer Acceptance 33112.3 Driving the Emergence of a Coherent Business Ecosystem 33312.3.1 Strategies for the Development of a Modular Business Ecosystem 33312.3.2 Early Examples of Telematic Business Ecosystems 33912.4 Summary 342References 34213 Impact and Future Projections 345A Appendix 351A.1 Standardisation Bodies for AutoNets 351A.. 1 Etsi 351A.1. 2 Cen 352A.1. 3 Iso 353A.1. 4 Ietf 354A.1. 5 Ieee 354A.1. 6 Car2Car Communication Consortium 354A.2 Research Projects on AutoNets 355A.2.1 Early Activities 355A.2.2 The eSafety Initiative 358A.2.3 COMeSafety 360A.2.4 Coopers 361A.2.5 Cvis 361A.2.6 Safespot 363A.2.7 SeVeCom 363A.2.8 GeoNet 363A.2.9 Frame, E-frame 364A.2.10 VII and Intellidrive 364A.2.11 Travolution 365A.2.12 Aktiv 365A.2.13 Pre-drive C2x 366A.2.14 simTD 367References 368Index 369