Additives in Polymers

Jan C.J. Bart (PhD Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial carrier in R&D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas; he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the Universities of Leeds (Colour Chemistry) and Oxford (Material Science), a visiting scientist at Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse (CNRS, Villeurbanne), and a Meyerhoff Visiting Professor at WIS (Rehovoth), and held an Invited Professorship at USTC (Hefei). He is currently a Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina.He is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Dutch Chemical Society, Society of Plastic Engineers and The Institute of Materials.

"This book tries to cover the whole subject, and I acknowledge that this difficult goal has been…fully achieved." (Polymer News, September 2005) "...provides comprehensive coverage of the current status of the (qualitative and quantitative) analysis techniques for additive determination in commercial polymers..." (Apollit, 2005)"...the author has done a marvellous job in bringing together such a wealth of information in one volume..." (Polymer International, Vol 54 (10), October 2005)"Coupled with its readability and extensive bibliography, this book will be a valuable reference work for those working in many areas" (Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) 2006)

• Foreword ixPreface xiAbout the Author xiiiAcknowledgements xvChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Additives 21.2 Plastics formulations 51.3 Economic impact of polymer additives 91.4 Analysis of plastics 111.5 Bibliography 231.6 References 24Chapter 2 Deformulation Principles 292.1 Polymer identification 302.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’ 322.3 Polymer extract analysis 422.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis 462.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis 472.6 Bibliography 482.7 References 48Chapter 3 Sample Preparation Perspectives 513.1 Solvents 543.2 Extraction strategy 573.3 Conventional extraction technologies 593.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods 813.5 Sorbent extraction 1233.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods 1343.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods 1463.8 Hydrolysis 1523.9 Bibliography 1553.10 References 156Chapter 4 Separation Techniques 1714.1 Analytical detectors 1774.2 Gas chromatography 1814.4 Liquid chromatography techniques 2174.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 2734.6 Bibliography 2784.7 References 281Chapter 5 Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative 2995.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry 3025.2 Infrared spectroscopy 3115.3 Luminescence spectroscopy 3185.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3235.5 Bibliography 3425.6 References 342Chapter 6 Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods 3496.1 Basic instrumentation 3516.2 Ion sources 3576.3 Mass analysers 3866.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis 4076.5 Ion mobility spectrometry 4156.6 Bibliography 4176.7 References 418Chapter 7 Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis 4257.1 Precolumn hyphenation 4287.3 Postcolumn hyphenation 4527.4 Multidimensional chromatography 5457.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy 5607.6 Bibliography 5627.7 References 564Chapter 8 Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods 5858.1 Element analytical protocols 5878.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis 5918.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry 6058.4 X-ray spectrometry 6278.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry 6488.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods 6628.7 Electroanalytical techniques 6668.8 Solid-state speciation analysis 6748.9 Bibliography 6778.10 References 679Chapter 9 Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions 6919.1 Chromatographic methods 6929.2 Spectroscopic techniques 6969.3 Mass-spectrometric methods 7019.4 References 709Chapter 10 A Vision for the Future 71110.1 Trends in polymer technology 71210.2 Trends in additive technology 71510.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints 72310.4 Analytical consequences 72510.5 Epilogue 74610.6 Bibliography 74710.7 References 747Appendix I List of Symbols 751Appendix II Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resin 773Appendix III Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets 793Index 803