David Coley is the author of Energy and Climate Change: Creating a Sustainable Future, published by Wiley.

"At its modest price it must represent the bargain of the year." (Chromatographia, July 2010)"As a text book for GCSE level students, this title is worthy of 4 stars." (Enagri eMagazine, May 2010)

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 1Part I Energy: Concepts, History and Problems 72 Energy 92.1 What is energy? 92.2 Units 112.3 Power 132.4 Energy in various disguises 142.5 Energy quality and exergy 212.6 Student exercises 253 The planet’s energy balance 273.1 The sun 273.2 The earth 313.3 Comparisons 413.4 Student exercises 434 A history of humankind’s use of energy 454.1 Energy and society 464.2 Wealth, urbanization and conflict 664.3 Our current level of energy use 694.4 Student exercises 745 Sustainability, climate change and the global environment 775.1 Sustainability 775.2 Climate change 795.3 Other concerns 1145.4 Debating climate change and answering the sceptics 1275.5 The atmosphere 1345.6 Student exercises 1396 Economics and the environment 1436.1 Key concepts 1436.2 Environmental economics 1546.3 Student exercises 1587 Combustion, inescapable inefficiencies and the generation of electricity 1597.1 Combustion 1597.2 Calorific values 1617.3 Inescapable inefficiencies 1617.4 Heat pumps 1657.5 Double Carnot efficiencies 1687.6 The generation of electricity from heat 1687.7 Student exercises 177Part II Unsustainable Energy Technologies 1798 Coal 1838.1 History 1848.2 Extraction 1858.3 The combustion of coal 1868.4 Technologies for use 1878.5 Example applications 1908.6 Global resource 1938.7 Student exercises 1969 Oil 1999.1 Extraction 2009.2 The combustion of oil 2049.3 Technologies for use 2059.4 Example application: the motor car 2059.5 Global resource 2089.6 Student exercises 21010 Gas 21110.1 Extraction 21110.2 The combustion of gas 21410.3 Technologies for use 21410.4 Example application: the domestic boiler 21510.5 Global resource 21610.6 Student exercises 22011 Non-conventional hydrocarbons 22111.1 Oil shale 22111.2 Tar sands 22211.3 Methane hydrate 22311.4 Student exercises 22612 Nuclear power 22712.1 Physical basis 22712.2 Technologies for use 22912.3 Environmental concerns 23912.4 Waste 24412.5 World resource 24512.6 Example applications 24812.7 Is nuclear power the solution to global warming? 25412.8 Student exercises 25713 Hydropower 25913.1 History 25913.2 Technologies for use 26113.3 Example application: Itaipu hydroelectric station 26813.4 Environmental impacts 27113.5 Pumped storage 27313.6 Global resource 27313.7 Student exercises 27514 Transport and air quality 27714.1 Present day problems 27814.2 Air quality and health 28214.3 Example application: air quality in Exeter, UK 29014.4 Student exercises 29015 Figures and philosophy: an analysis of a nation’s energy supply 29115.1 The economy 29315.2 Production 29415.3 Consumption 29415.4 Oil and gas production 29615.5 Prices 29815.6 Fuel poverty 30215.7 Carbon emissions 30315.8 Sustainable energy in the UK: the current state of play 30315.9 Student exercises 307Part III Climate Change: Predictions and Policies 30916 Future world energy use and carbon emissions 31116.1 The world’s future use of energy 31216.2 Student exercises 32217 The impact of a warmer world 32317.1 Climate models 32417.2 Natural variability and model reliability 32617.3 Future climate change 33117.4 Impacts 33117.5 Costing the impact 34317.6 Student exercises 34318 Politics in the greenhouse: contracting and converging 34518.1 Climate negotiations 34818.2 Another approach 35518.3 Bringing it all together 35818.4 Conclusion 36418.5 Student exercises 364Part IV Sustainable Energy Technologies 365IV.1 Current world sustainable energy provision 36719 Energy efficiency 37119.1 Cogeneration 37219.2 Reducing energy losses 37419.3 Energy recovery 38319.4 Energy efficiency in buildings 38619.5 Student exercises 39420 Solar power 39720.1 Passive solar heating 39820.2 Heat pumps 40520.3 Solar water heating 40920.4 Low temperature solar water heating 40920.5 Example application: solar water heating, Phoenix Federal Correction Institution, USA 41620.6 High temperature solar power 41720.7 Low temperature water-based thermal energy conversion 42220.8 OECD resource 42320.9 Student exercises 42421 Photovoltaics 42721.1 History 42721.2 Basic principles 42721.3 Technologies for use 43121.4 Electrical characteristics 43321.5 Roof-top PV 43621.6 Example application: Doxford Solar Office, UK 43921.7 OECD resource 44021.8 Student exercises 44022 Wind power 44122.1 History 44422.2 Technologies for use 44722.3 The modern horizontal axis wind turbine 45922.4 Environmental impacts 46222.5 OECD resource 46722.6 Example application: Harøy Island Wind Farm, Sandøy, Norway 46822.7 Student exercises 46923 Wave power 47123.1 Wave characteristics 47223.2 Technologies for use 47423.3 Example application: the Pelamis P-750 wave energy converter 47823.4 Student exercises 47824 Tidal and small-scale hydropower 48124.1 Tides 48224.2 Small-scale hydropower 49024.3 OECD resource 49624.4 Student exercises 49825 Biomass 49925.1 History 49925.2 Basic principles 50025.3 Technologies for use 50225.4 Example application: anaerobic digester, Walford College Farm, UK 51025.5 Global resource 51125.6 OECD resource 51325.7 Student exercises 51426 Geothermal 51526.1 Background 51526.2 History 51926.3 Resource and technology 52026.4 Technologies for use 52326.5 Environmental problems 52526.6 World resource 52526.7 OECD resource 52626.8 Example application: Hacchobaru geothermal power station, Kokonoe-machi, Japan 52626.9 Student exercises 52827 Fast breeders and fusion 52927.1 Fast breeder reactors 52927.2 Fusion 53227.3 Example application: JET Torus, Culham, UK 53527.4 Student exercises 53728 Alternative transport futures and the hydrogen economy 53928.1 Improving energy efficiency 54128.2 Alternative transport fuels and engines 54428.3 Hydrogen powered vehicles and the hydrogen economy 55028.4 Fuel cells 55228.5 Example application: the greening of natural gas 55828.6 Student exercises 55929 Carbon sequestration and climate engineering 56129.1 Capture technologies 56229.2 Storage technologies 56329.3 The reflection of solar radiation 56729.4 Example application: Statoil, Sleipner West gas field, North Sea 56829.5 Student exercises 56930 A sustainable, low carbon future? 57130.1 Methodology and assumptions 57230.2 Results 57230.3 Worldwide reductions 57830.4 Conclusion 58130.5 What can I do? 58130.6 Student exercises 582References 583Appendix 1 National energy data 593Appendix 2 Answers to in-text problems 613Appendix 3 Bibliography and suggested reading 641Appendix 4 Useful data 643Index 649

David Coley is the author of Energy and Climate Change: Creating a Sustainable Future, published by Wiley.

"At its modest price it must represent the bargain of the year." (Chromatographia, July 2010)"As a text book for GCSE level students, this title is worthy of 4 stars." (Enagri eMagazine, May 2010)

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 1Part I Energy: Concepts, History and Problems 72 Energy 92.1 What is energy? 92.2 Units 112.3 Power 132.4 Energy in various disguises 142.5 Energy quality and exergy 212.6 Student exercises 253 The planet’s energy balance 273.1 The sun 273.2 The earth 313.3 Comparisons 413.4 Student exercises 434 A history of humankind’s use of energy 454.1 Energy and society 464.2 Wealth, urbanization and conflict 664.3 Our current level of energy use 694.4 Student exercises 745 Sustainability, climate change and the global environment 775.1 Sustainability 775.2 Climate change 795.3 Other concerns 1145.4 Debating climate change and answering the sceptics 1275.5 The atmosphere 1345.6 Student exercises 1396 Economics and the environment 1436.1 Key concepts 1436.2 Environmental economics 1546.3 Student exercises 1587 Combustion, inescapable inefficiencies and the generation of electricity 1597.1 Combustion 1597.2 Calorific values 1617.3 Inescapable inefficiencies 1617.4 Heat pumps 1657.5 Double Carnot efficiencies 1687.6 The generation of electricity from heat 1687.7 Student exercises 177Part II Unsustainable Energy Technologies 1798 Coal 1838.1 History 1848.2 Extraction 1858.3 The combustion of coal 1868.4 Technologies for use 1878.5 Example applications 1908.6 Global resource 1938.7 Student exercises 1969 Oil 1999.1 Extraction 2009.2 The combustion of oil 2049.3 Technologies for use 2059.4 Example application: the motor car 2059.5 Global resource 2089.6 Student exercises 21010 Gas 21110.1 Extraction 21110.2 The combustion of gas 21410.3 Technologies for use 21410.4 Example application: the domestic boiler 21510.5 Global resource 21610.6 Student exercises 22011 Non-conventional hydrocarbons 22111.1 Oil shale 22111.2 Tar sands 22211.3 Methane hydrate 22311.4 Student exercises 22612 Nuclear power 22712.1 Physical basis 22712.2 Technologies for use 22912.3 Environmental concerns 23912.4 Waste 24412.5 World resource 24512.6 Example applications 24812.7 Is nuclear power the solution to global warming? 25412.8 Student exercises 25713 Hydropower 25913.1 History 25913.2 Technologies for use 26113.3 Example application: Itaipu hydroelectric station 26813.4 Environmental impacts 27113.5 Pumped storage 27313.6 Global resource 27313.7 Student exercises 27514 Transport and air quality 27714.1 Present day problems 27814.2 Air quality and health 28214.3 Example application: air quality in Exeter, UK 29014.4 Student exercises 29015 Figures and philosophy: an analysis of a nation’s energy supply 29115.1 The economy 29315.2 Production 29415.3 Consumption 29415.4 Oil and gas production 29615.5 Prices 29815.6 Fuel poverty 30215.7 Carbon emissions 30315.8 Sustainable energy in the UK: the current state of play 30315.9 Student exercises 307Part III Climate Change: Predictions and Policies 30916 Future world energy use and carbon emissions 31116.1 The world’s future use of energy 31216.2 Student exercises 32217 The impact of a warmer world 32317.1 Climate models 32417.2 Natural variability and model reliability 32617.3 Future climate change 33117.4 Impacts 33117.5 Costing the impact 34317.6 Student exercises 34318 Politics in the greenhouse: contracting and converging 34518.1 Climate negotiations 34818.2 Another approach 35518.3 Bringing it all together 35818.4 Conclusion 36418.5 Student exercises 364Part IV Sustainable Energy Technologies 365IV.1 Current world sustainable energy provision 36719 Energy efficiency 37119.1 Cogeneration 37219.2 Reducing energy losses 37419.3 Energy recovery 38319.4 Energy efficiency in buildings 38619.5 Student exercises 39420 Solar power 39720.1 Passive solar heating 39820.2 Heat pumps 40520.3 Solar water heating 40920.4 Low temperature solar water heating 40920.5 Example application: solar water heating, Phoenix Federal Correction Institution, USA 41620.6 High temperature solar power 41720.7 Low temperature water-based thermal energy conversion 42220.8 OECD resource 42320.9 Student exercises 42421 Photovoltaics 42721.1 History 42721.2 Basic principles 42721.3 Technologies for use 43121.4 Electrical characteristics 43321.5 Roof-top PV 43621.6 Example application: Doxford Solar Office, UK 43921.7 OECD resource 44021.8 Student exercises 44022 Wind power 44122.1 History 44422.2 Technologies for use 44722.3 The modern horizontal axis wind turbine 45922.4 Environmental impacts 46222.5 OECD resource 46722.6 Example application: Harøy Island Wind Farm, Sandøy, Norway 46822.7 Student exercises 46923 Wave power 47123.1 Wave characteristics 47223.2 Technologies for use 47423.3 Example application: the Pelamis P-750 wave energy converter 47823.4 Student exercises 47824 Tidal and small-scale hydropower 48124.1 Tides 48224.2 Small-scale hydropower 49024.3 OECD resource 49624.4 Student exercises 49825 Biomass 49925.1 History 49925.2 Basic principles 50025.3 Technologies for use 50225.4 Example application: anaerobic digester, Walford College Farm, UK 51025.5 Global resource 51125.6 OECD resource 51325.7 Student exercises 51426 Geothermal 51526.1 Background 51526.2 History 51926.3 Resource and technology 52026.4 Technologies for use 52326.5 Environmental problems 52526.6 World resource 52526.7 OECD resource 52626.8 Example application: Hacchobaru geothermal power station, Kokonoe-machi, Japan 52626.9 Student exercises 52827 Fast breeders and fusion 52927.1 Fast breeder reactors 52927.2 Fusion 53227.3 Example application: JET Torus, Culham, UK 53527.4 Student exercises 53728 Alternative transport futures and the hydrogen economy 53928.1 Improving energy efficiency 54128.2 Alternative transport fuels and engines 54428.3 Hydrogen powered vehicles and the hydrogen economy 55028.4 Fuel cells 55228.5 Example application: the greening of natural gas 55828.6 Student exercises 55929 Carbon sequestration and climate engineering 56129.1 Capture technologies 56229.2 Storage technologies 56329.3 The reflection of solar radiation 56729.4 Example application: Statoil, Sleipner West gas field, North Sea 56829.5 Student exercises 56930 A sustainable, low carbon future? 57130.1 Methodology and assumptions 57230.2 Results 57230.3 Worldwide reductions 57830.4 Conclusion 58130.5 What can I do? 58130.6 Student exercises 582References 583Appendix 1 National energy data 593Appendix 2 Answers to in-text problems 613Appendix 3 Bibliography and suggested reading 641Appendix 4 Useful data 643Index 649