Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport

GEORGE G. KARADY received his doctorate in electrical engineering from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1960. He also received an honorary doctorate from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1996. He is currently the Chair Professor for the Salt River Project at Arizona State University.KEITH E. HOLBERT earned his PhD in nuclear engineering at the University of Tennessee. He is presently the Director of the Nuclear Power Generation program in the School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering at Arizona State University. He is a registered professional engineer and a senior member of the IEEE.

“This book is recommended reading for those interested in deepening their knowledge of electrical systems, energy conversion technologies, and the use of computer tools to assist in understanding of complex engineering problems.”  (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 1 August2013)

• Preface and Acknowledgments xv 1 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 11.1. Electric Networks 21.1.1. Transmission Systems 41.1.2. Distribution Systems 61.2. Traditional Transmission Systems 61.2.1. Substation Components 81.2.2. Substations and Equipment 91.2.3. Gas Insulated Switchgear 171.2.4. Power System Operation in Steady-State Conditions 181.2.5. Network Dynamic Operation (Transient Condition) 201.3. Traditional Distribution Systems 201.3.1. Distribution Feeder 211.3.2. Residential Electrical Connection 241.4. Intelligent Electrical Grids 261.4.1. Intelligent High-Voltage Transmission Systems 261.4.2. Intelligent Distribution Networks 281.5. Exercises 281.6. Problems 292 ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS 302.1. Fossil Power Plants 342.1.1. Fuel Storage and Handling 342.1.2. Boiler 352.1.3. Turbine 412.1.4. Generator and Electrical System 432.1.5. Combustion Turbine 472.1.6. Combined Cycle Plants 482.2. Nuclear Power Plants 492.2.1. Nuclear Reactor 502.2.2. Pressurized Water Reactor 532.2.3. Boiling Water Reactor 552.3. Hydroelectric Power Plants 562.3.1. Low Head Hydroplants 592.3.2. Medium- and High-Head Hydroplants 602.3.3. Pumped Storage Facility 622.4. Wind Farms 632.5. Solar Power Plants 662.5.1. Photovoltaics 662.5.2. Solar Thermal Plants 702.6. Geothermal Power Plants 722.7. Ocean Power 732.7.1. Ocean Tidal 742.7.2. Ocean Current 752.7.3. Ocean Wave 752.7.4. Ocean Thermal 762.8. Other Generation Schemes 762.9. Electricity Generation Economics 772.9.1. O&M Cost 792.9.2. Fuel Cost 792.9.3. Capital Cost 802.9.4. Overall Generation Costs 812.10. Load Characteristics and Forecasting 812.11. Environmental Impact 852.12. Exercises 862.13. Problems 863 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS 893.1. Circuit Analysis Fundamentals 903.1.1. Basic Defi nitions and Nomenclature 903.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors 913.1.3. Power 923.2. AC Circuits 943.3. Impedance 963.3.1. Series Connection 1003.3.2. Parallel Connection 1003.3.3. Impedance Examples 1043.4. Loads 1093.4.1. Power Factor 1113.4.2. Voltage Regulation 1163.5. Basic Laws and Circuit Analysis Techniques 1163.5.1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law 1173.5.2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 1233.5.3. Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 1273.6. Applications of Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 1283.7. Summary 1403.8. Exercises 1413.9. Problems 1414 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 1454.1. Three-Phase Quantities 1464.2. Wye-Connected Generator 1514.3. Wye-Connected Loads 1554.3.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 1564.3.2. Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 1584.3.3. Wye-Connected Three-Wire System 1604.4. Delta-Connected System 1624.4.1. Delta-Connected Generator 1624.4.2. Balanced Delta Load 1634.4.3. Unbalanced Delta Load 1664.5. Summary 1684.6. Three-Phase Power Measurement 1744.6.1. Four-Wire System 1754.6.2. Three-Wire System 1754.7. Per-Unit System 1774.8. Symmetrical Components 1824.8.1. Calculation of Phase Voltages from Sequential Components 1824.8.2. Calculation of Sequential Components from Phase Voltages 1834.8.3. Sequential Components of Impedance Loads 1844.9. Application Examples 1884.10. Exercises 2034.11. Problems 2045 TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES 2075.1. Construction 2085.2. Components of the Transmission Lines 2155.2.1. Towers and Foundations 2155.2.2. Conductors 2165.2.3. Insulators 2185.3. Cables 2235.4. Transmission Line Electrical Parameters 2245.5. Magnetic Field Generated by Transmission Lines 2255.5.1. Magnetic Field Energy Content 2295.5.2. Single Conductor Generated Magnetic Field 2305.5.3. Complex Spatial Vector Mathematics 2335.5.4. Three-Phase Transmission Line-Generated Magnetic Field 2345.6. Transmission Line Inductance 2395.6.1. External Magnetic Flux 2405.6.2. Internal Magnetic Flux 2415.6.3. Total Conductor Magnetic Flux 2435.6.4. Three-Phase Line Inductance 2445.7. Transmission Line Capacitance 2495.7.1. Electric Field Generation 2495.7.2. Electrical Field around a Conductor 2505.7.3. Three-Phase Transmission Line Generated Electric Field 2565.7.4. Three-Phase Line Capacitance 2715.8. Transmission Line Networks 2735.8.1. Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced System 2735.8.2. Long Transmission Lines 2775.9. Concept of Transmission Line Protection 2825.9.1. Transmission Line Faults 2825.9.2. Protection Methods 2855.9.3. Fuse Protection 2855.9.4. Overcurrent Protection 2855.9.5. Distance Protection 2885.10. Application Examples 2895.10.1. Mathcad® Examples 2895.10.2. PSpice®: Transient Short-Circuit Current in Transmission Lines 3025.10.3. PSpice: Transmission Line Energization 3045.11. Exercises 3075.12. Problems 3086 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 3136.1. Magnetic Circuits 3146.1.1. Magnetic Circuit Theory 3156.1.2. Magnetic Circuit Analysis 3176.1.3. Magnetic Energy 3236.1.4. Magnetization Curve 3246.1.5. Magnetization Curve Modeling 3296.2. Magnetic and Electric Field Generated Forces 3366.2.1. Electric Field-Generated Force 3366.2.2. Magnetic Field-Generated Force 3376.3. Electromechanical System 3436.3.1. Electric Field 3446.3.2. Magnetic Field 3456.4. Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces 3476.5. Applications 3526.5.1. Actuators 3536.5.2. Transducers 3566.5.3. Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators 3626.5.4. Microelectromechanical Systems 3656.6. Summary 3686.7. Exercises 3686.8. Problems 3697 TRANSFORMERS 3757.1. Construction 3767.2. Single-Phase Transformers 3817.2.1. Ideal Transformer 3827.2.2. Real Transformer 3917.2.3. Determination of Equivalent Transformer Circuit Parameters 3997.3. Three-Phase Transformers 4087.3.1. Wye–Wye Connection 4107.3.2. Wye–Delta Connection 4157.3.3. Delta–Wye Connection 4187.3.4. Delta–Delta Connection 4207.3.5. Summary 4207.3.6. Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Configurations 4217.3.7. Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Three-Phase Transformer 4297.3.8. General Program for Computing Transformer Parameters 4327.3.9. Application Examples 4357.3.10. Concept of Transformer Protection 4477.4. Exercises 4507.5. Problems 4518 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 4568.1. Construction 4568.1.1. Round Rotor Generator 4578.1.2. Salient Pole Generator 4598.1.3. Exciter 4628.2. Operating Concept 4658.2.1. Main Rotating Flux 4658.2.2. Armature Flux 4688.3. Generator Application 4728.3.1. Loading 4728.3.2. Reactive Power Regulation 4728.3.3. Synchronization 4738.3.4. Static Stability 4748.4. Induced Voltage and Armature Reactance Calculation 4878.4.1. Induced Voltage Calculation 4888.4.2. Armature Reactance Calculation 4968.5. Concept of Generator Protection 5078.6. Application Examples 5118.7. Exercises 5358.8. Problems 5369 INDUCTION MACHINES 5419.1. Introduction 5419.2. Construction 5439.2.1. Stator 5439.2.2. Rotor 5469.3. Three-Phase Induction Motor 5479.3.1. Operating Principle 5479.3.2. Equivalent Circuit 5539.3.3. Motor Performance 5569.3.4. Motor Maximum Output 5579.3.5. Performance Analyses 5609.3.6. Determination of Motor Parameters by Measurement 5709.4. Single-Phase Induction Motor 5919.4.1. Operating Principle 5929.4.2. Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis 5959.5. Induction Generators 6039.5.1. Induction Generator Analysis 6039.5.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator 6069.6. Concept of Motor Protection 6089.7. Exercises 6109.8. Problems 61110 DC MACHINES 61610.1. Construction 61610.2. Operating Principle 62010.2.1. DC Motor 62010.2.2. DC Generator 62310.2.3. Equivalent Circuit 62510.2.4. Excitation Methods 62810.3. Operation Analyses 62910.3.1. Separately Excited Machine 63010.3.2. Shunt Machine 63710.3.3. Series Motor 64510.3.4. Summary 65110.4. Application Examples 65210.5. Exercises 66910.6. Problems 66911 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR CONTROL 67311.1. Concept of DC Motor Control 67411.2. Concept of AC Induction Motor Control 67811.3. Semiconductor Switches 68511.3.1. Diode 68511.3.2. Thyristor 68711.3.3. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 69211.3.4. Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 69311.3.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 69511.3.6. Summary 69611.4. Rectifi ers 69711.4.1. Simple Passive Diode Rectifiers 69711.4.2. Single-Phase Controllable Rectifiers 70911.4.3. Firing and Snubber Circuits 72611.4.4. Three-Phase Rectifiers 72811.5. Inverters 72911.5.1. Voltage Source Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation 73211.5.2. Line-Commutated Thyristor-Controlled Inverter 73511.5.3. High-Voltage DC Transmission 73811.6. Flexible AC Transmission 73911.6.1. Static VAR Compensator 74011.6.2. Static Synchronous Compensator 74411.6.3. Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 74411.6.4. Unifi ed Power Controller 74711.7. DC-to-DC Converters 74711.7.1. Boost Converter 74811.7.2. Buck Converter 75411.8. Application Examples 75711.9. Exercises 77311.10. Problems 774Appendix A Introduction to Mathcad® 777A.1. Worksheet and Toolbars 777A.1.1. Text Regions 780A.1.2. Calculations 780A.2. Functions 783A.2.1. Repetitive Calculations 784A.2.2. Defining a Function 785A.2.3. Plotting a Function 786A.2.4. Minimum and Maximum Function Values 788A.3. Equation Solvers 788A.3.1. Root Equation Solver 789A.3.2. Find Equation Solver 789A.4. Vectors and Matrices 790Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB® 794B.1. Desktop Tools 794B.2. Operators, Variables, and Functions 796B.3. Vectors and Matrices 797B.4. Colon Operator 799B.5. Repeated Evaluation of an Equation 799B.6. Plotting 800B.7. Basic Programming 803Appendix C Fundamental Units and Constants 805C.1. Fundamental Units 805C.2. Fundamental Physical Constants 809Appendix D Introduction to PSpice® 810D.1. Obtaining and Installing PSpice 810D.2. Using PSpice 811D.2.1. Creating a Circuit 811D.2.2. Simulating a Circuit 812D.2.3. Analyzing Simulation Results 813Problem Solution Key 815Bibliography 822Index 824