Rod Stephens is a contract software engineer specializing in graphical user interface, algorithms, and database systems. He has published over 120 articles and nine books including Bug Proofing Visual Basic and Ready-to-Run Visual Basic Algorithms.

• Introduction xiiiPart One: Working with Windows 1Chapter 1 Visual Basics 3Visual Basic Coordinate Systems 3Graphic Container Controls 13Scrolled Windows 27When to Draw 30Controlling Controls 34Graphical Controls 47Color 49Summary 54Chapter 2 Using the API 55The Genie 55Using the API 56Useful API Functions 65Summary 80Chapter 3 Advanced Color 81Color Models 81Bitmaps 84Color Palettes 91Summary 111Chapter 4 Advanced Text 113Multiple Colors and Fonts 114Text Metrics 117CreateFont Function 119Editable Text 134Summary 139Chapter 5 Printing 141Printer Objects 141Selecting a Printer 142Printer Properties 144Printer Control Methods 146The PrintForm Method 146High-Resolution Printing 147Printing Text 148Print Preview 150Multipage Print Preview 152Printer Scale Properties 156Scaling Objects to Fit 158High Resolution PrintForm 160Summary 162Part Two: Image Processing 163Chapter 6 Point Processes 165Obtaining Images 165Programming Tools 166Point Processes 171Multiple Image Processing 185Summary 190Chapter 7 Area Processes 191Spatial Filtering 191Rank Filters 203Geometric Transformations 204Summary 222Part Three: Animation 223Chapter 8 Bitmap Animation 225Animation Basics 225Drawing Animation 236Summary 244Chapter 9 Advanced Animation 245Controlling Animation 245Tweening and Morphing 253Specialized Animation 262Summary 277Part Four: Two-Dimensional Graphics 279Chapter 10 Fractals and Tilings 281Fractals 281Tilings 318Summary 321Chapter 11 Drawing Curves 323Lines and Circles 323Parametric Curves 324Curve Fitting 330Polynomial Curve Fitting 331Parametric Curve Fitting 344Summary 361Chapter 12 Two-Dimensional Transformations 363Modeling Two-Dimensional Objects 363Windows and Viewports 369Two-Dimensional Transformations 384Display Data Structure 408Summary 416Part Five: Three-Dimensional Graphics 417Chapter 13 Three-Dimensional Transformations 419Simple Transformations 419Inverse Transformations 429Projections 429Perspective Viewing 442Composing Transformations 446Three-Dimensional Objects 461Summary 464Chapter 14 Surfaces 465Simple Surfaces 465Parametric Surfaces 498Surfaces of Transformation 514Summary 530Chapter 15 Hidden Surface Removal 531Backface Removal 531Depth-Sort 539Summary 559Chapter 16 Shading Models 561The Physics of Lighting 561Diffuse Reflection 562Ambient Light 566Distance 567Specular Reflection 570Smooth Shading 576Summary 583Chapter 17 Ray Tracing 585A Brief Warning 587Ray-Tracing Basics 587Ray Tracing in Visual Basic 589Bounding Volumes 598Scanline Culling 599Other Objects 601Recursive Ray Tracing 622Adaptive Depth Control 636Texture Mapping 637Summary 641Part Six Beyond Three Dimensions 643Chapter 18 Higher-Dimensional Transformations 645Temporal Projection 645Spatial Projection 647Four-Dimensional Transformations 647Summary 661Chapter 19 Mathematical Tools 663Vectors and Matrices 663Transformation Matrices 670Distances 675Platonic Solids 678Summary 692Index 693

Rod Stephens is a contract software engineer specializing in graphical user interface, algorithms, and database systems. He has published over 120 articles and nine books including Bug Proofing Visual Basic and Ready-to-Run Visual Basic Algorithms.

• Introduction xiiiPart One: Working with Windows 1Chapter 1 Visual Basics 3Visual Basic Coordinate Systems 3Graphic Container Controls 13Scrolled Windows 27When to Draw 30Controlling Controls 34Graphical Controls 47Color 49Summary 54Chapter 2 Using the API 55The Genie 55Using the API 56Useful API Functions 65Summary 80Chapter 3 Advanced Color 81Color Models 81Bitmaps 84Color Palettes 91Summary 111Chapter 4 Advanced Text 113Multiple Colors and Fonts 114Text Metrics 117CreateFont Function 119Editable Text 134Summary 139Chapter 5 Printing 141Printer Objects 141Selecting a Printer 142Printer Properties 144Printer Control Methods 146The PrintForm Method 146High-Resolution Printing 147Printing Text 148Print Preview 150Multipage Print Preview 152Printer Scale Properties 156Scaling Objects to Fit 158High Resolution PrintForm 160Summary 162Part Two: Image Processing 163Chapter 6 Point Processes 165Obtaining Images 165Programming Tools 166Point Processes 171Multiple Image Processing 185Summary 190Chapter 7 Area Processes 191Spatial Filtering 191Rank Filters 203Geometric Transformations 204Summary 222Part Three: Animation 223Chapter 8 Bitmap Animation 225Animation Basics 225Drawing Animation 236Summary 244Chapter 9 Advanced Animation 245Controlling Animation 245Tweening and Morphing 253Specialized Animation 262Summary 277Part Four: Two-Dimensional Graphics 279Chapter 10 Fractals and Tilings 281Fractals 281Tilings 318Summary 321Chapter 11 Drawing Curves 323Lines and Circles 323Parametric Curves 324Curve Fitting 330Polynomial Curve Fitting 331Parametric Curve Fitting 344Summary 361Chapter 12 Two-Dimensional Transformations 363Modeling Two-Dimensional Objects 363Windows and Viewports 369Two-Dimensional Transformations 384Display Data Structure 408Summary 416Part Five: Three-Dimensional Graphics 417Chapter 13 Three-Dimensional Transformations 419Simple Transformations 419Inverse Transformations 429Projections 429Perspective Viewing 442Composing Transformations 446Three-Dimensional Objects 461Summary 464Chapter 14 Surfaces 465Simple Surfaces 465Parametric Surfaces 498Surfaces of Transformation 514Summary 530Chapter 15 Hidden Surface Removal 531Backface Removal 531Depth-Sort 539Summary 559Chapter 16 Shading Models 561The Physics of Lighting 561Diffuse Reflection 562Ambient Light 566Distance 567Specular Reflection 570Smooth Shading 576Summary 583Chapter 17 Ray Tracing 585A Brief Warning 587Ray-Tracing Basics 587Ray Tracing in Visual Basic 589Bounding Volumes 598Scanline Culling 599Other Objects 601Recursive Ray Tracing 622Adaptive Depth Control 636Texture Mapping 637Summary 641Part Six Beyond Three Dimensions 643Chapter 18 Higher-Dimensional Transformations 645Temporal Projection 645Spatial Projection 647Four-Dimensional Transformations 647Summary 661Chapter 19 Mathematical Tools 663Vectors and Matrices 663Transformation Matrices 670Distances 675Platonic Solids 678Summary 692Index 693

Rod Stephens is a contract software engineer specializing in graphical user interface, algorithms, and database systems. He has published over 120 articles and nine books including Bug Proofing Visual Basic and Ready-to-Run Visual Basic Algorithms.

• Introduction xiiiPart One: Working with Windows 1Chapter 1 Visual Basics 3Visual Basic Coordinate Systems 3Graphic Container Controls 13Scrolled Windows 27When to Draw 30Controlling Controls 34Graphical Controls 47Color 49Summary 54Chapter 2 Using the API 55The Genie 55Using the API 56Useful API Functions 65Summary 80Chapter 3 Advanced Color 81Color Models 81Bitmaps 84Color Palettes 91Summary 111Chapter 4 Advanced Text 113Multiple Colors and Fonts 114Text Metrics 117CreateFont Function 119Editable Text 134Summary 139Chapter 5 Printing 141Printer Objects 141Selecting a Printer 142Printer Properties 144Printer Control Methods 146The PrintForm Method 146High-Resolution Printing 147Printing Text 148Print Preview 150Multipage Print Preview 152Printer Scale Properties 156Scaling Objects to Fit 158High Resolution PrintForm 160Summary 162Part Two: Image Processing 163Chapter 6 Point Processes 165Obtaining Images 165Programming Tools 166Point Processes 171Multiple Image Processing 185Summary 190Chapter 7 Area Processes 191Spatial Filtering 191Rank Filters 203Geometric Transformations 204Summary 222Part Three: Animation 223Chapter 8 Bitmap Animation 225Animation Basics 225Drawing Animation 236Summary 244Chapter 9 Advanced Animation 245Controlling Animation 245Tweening and Morphing 253Specialized Animation 262Summary 277Part Four: Two-Dimensional Graphics 279Chapter 10 Fractals and Tilings 281Fractals 281Tilings 318Summary 321Chapter 11 Drawing Curves 323Lines and Circles 323Parametric Curves 324Curve Fitting 330Polynomial Curve Fitting 331Parametric Curve Fitting 344Summary 361Chapter 12 Two-Dimensional Transformations 363Modeling Two-Dimensional Objects 363Windows and Viewports 369Two-Dimensional Transformations 384Display Data Structure 408Summary 416Part Five: Three-Dimensional Graphics 417Chapter 13 Three-Dimensional Transformations 419Simple Transformations 419Inverse Transformations 429Projections 429Perspective Viewing 442Composing Transformations 446Three-Dimensional Objects 461Summary 464Chapter 14 Surfaces 465Simple Surfaces 465Parametric Surfaces 498Surfaces of Transformation 514Summary 530Chapter 15 Hidden Surface Removal 531Backface Removal 531Depth-Sort 539Summary 559Chapter 16 Shading Models 561The Physics of Lighting 561Diffuse Reflection 562Ambient Light 566Distance 567Specular Reflection 570Smooth Shading 576Summary 583Chapter 17 Ray Tracing 585A Brief Warning 587Ray-Tracing Basics 587Ray Tracing in Visual Basic 589Bounding Volumes 598Scanline Culling 599Other Objects 601Recursive Ray Tracing 622Adaptive Depth Control 636Texture Mapping 637Summary 641Part Six Beyond Three Dimensions 643Chapter 18 Higher-Dimensional Transformations 645Temporal Projection 645Spatial Projection 647Four-Dimensional Transformations 647Summary 661Chapter 19 Mathematical Tools 663Vectors and Matrices 663Transformation Matrices 670Distances 675Platonic Solids 678Summary 692Index 693