Phased Array Antennas

ARUN K. BHATTACHARYYA, PhD, is a recognized expert in the field of array antennas. A fellow of the IEEE, his array analysis software and innovative array element designs have been implemented in several aerospace and satellite industries. He has published over ninety research papers in IEEE, IEE, and other international journals and proceedings, and holds ten patents. He is a recipient of several honors and awards including the Hughes Technical Excellence Award, Boeing Special Invention Award, Boeing patent awards and a Boeing technical fellowship. At present he is with Northrop Grumman Space Technology and holds a senior-grade scientist position. His previous works include Electromagnetic Fields in Multilayered Structures: Theory and Applications.

• Preface. 1 Phased Array Fundamentals: Pattern Analysis and Synthesis.1.1 Introduction.1.2 Array Fundamentals.1.3 Pencil Beam Array.1.4 Linear Array Synthesis.1.5 Planar Aperture Synthesis.1.6 Discretization of Continuous Sources.1.7 Summary.References.Bibliography.Problems.2 Introduction to Floquet Modes in Infinite Arrays.2.1 Introduction.2.2 Fourier Spectrum and Floquet Series.2.3 Floquet Excitations and Floquet Modes.2.4 Two-Dimensional Floquet Excitation.2.5 Grating Beams from Geometrical Optics.2.6 Floquet Mode and Guided Mode.2.7 Summary.References.Problems.3 Floquet Modal Functions.3.1 Introduction.3.2 TEz and TMz Floquet Vector Modal Functions.3.3 Infinite Array of Electric Surface Current on Dielectric-Coated Ground Plane. 3.4 Determination of Blind Angles.3.5 Active Element Pattern.3.6 Array of Rectangular Horn Apertures.References.Bibliography.Problems.4 Finite Array Analysis Using Infinite Array Results: Mutual Coupling Formulation.4.1 Introduction.4.2 Symmetry Property of Floquet Impedance.4.3 Mutual Coupling.4.4 Array of Multimodal Sources.4.5 Mutual Coupling in Two-Dimensional Arrays.4.6 Active Input Impedance of Finite Array.4.7 Active Return Loss of Open-Ended Waveguide Array.4.8 Radiation Patterns of Finite Array.4.9 Radiation Patterns of Open-Ended Waveguide Array.4.10 Array with Nonuniform Spacing.4.11 Finite Array Analysis Using Convolution.References.Bibliography.Problems.5 Array of Subarrays.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Subarray Analysis.5.3 Subarray with Arbitrary Number of Elements. 5.4 Subarrays with Arbitrary Grids.5.5 Subarray and Grating Lobes.5.6 Active Subarray Patterns.5.7 Four-Element Subarray Fed by Power Divider.5.8 Subarray Blindness.5.9 Concluding Remarks.References.Bibliography.Problems.6 GSM Approach for Multilayer Array Structures.6.1 Introduction.6.2 GSM Approach.6.3 GSM Cascading Rule.6.4 Transmission Matrix Representation.6.5 Building Blocks for GSM Analysis.6.6 Equivalent Impedance Matrix of Patch Layer.6.7 Stationary Character of MoM Solutions.6.8 Convergence of MoM Solutions.6.9 Advantages of GSM Approach.6.10 Other Numerical Methods.References.Bibliography.Problems.7 Analysis of Microstrip Patch Arrays.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Probe-Fed Patch Array.7.3 EMC Patch Array.7.4 Slot-Fed Patch Array.7.5 Stripline-Fed Slot-Coupled Array.7.6 Finite Patch Array.References.Bibliography.Problems.8 Array of Waveguide Horns.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Linearly Flared Horn Array.8.3 Grazing Lobes and Pattern Nulls.8.4 Surface and Leaky Waves in an Array.8.4.1 Surface Wave.8.5 Wide-Angle Impedance Matching.8.6 Multimodal Rectangular/Square Horn Elements.8.7 Multimodal Circular Horn Elements.References.Bibliography.Problems.9 Frequency-Selective Surface, Polarizer, and Reflect-Array Analysis.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Frequency-Selective Surface.9.3 Screen Polarizer.9.4 Printed Reflect Array.References.Bibliography.Problems.10 Multilayer Array Analysis with Different Periodicities and Cell Orientations.10.1 Introduction.10.2 Layers with Different Periodicities: Rectangular Lattice.10.3 Nonparallel Cell Orientations: Rectangular Lattice.10.4 Layers with Arbitrary Lattice Structures.10.5 Summary.References.Bibliography.Problems.11 Shaped-Beam Array Design: Optimization Algorithms.11.1 Introduction.11.2 Array Size: Linear Array.11.3 Element Size.11.4 Pattern Synthesis Using Superposition (Woodward’s Method).11.5 Gradient Search Algorithm.11.6 Conjugate Match Algorithm.11.7 Successive Projection Algorithm.11.8 Other Optimization Algorithms.11.9 Design Guidelines of a Shaped Beam Array.References.Bibliography.Problems.12 Beam Forming Networks in Multiple-Beam Arrays.12.1 Introduction.12.2 BFN Using Power Dividers.12.3 Butler Matrix Beam Former.12.4 Blass Matrix BFN.12.5 Rotman Lens.12.6 Digital Beam Former.12.7 Optical Beam Formers.References.Bibliography.Problems.13 Active Phased Array Antenna.13.1 Introduction.13.2 Active Array Block Diagrams.13.3 Aperture Design of Array.13.4 Solid State Power Amplifier.13.5 Phase Shifter.13.6 Intermodulation Product.13.7 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure of Antenna Subsystems.13.8 Active Array System Analysis.13.9 Active Array Calibration.13.10 Concluding Remarks.References.Bibliography.Problems.14 Statistical Analysis of Phased Array Antenna.14.1 Introduction.14.2 Array Pattern.14.3 Statistics of R and I.14.4 Probability Density Function.14.5 Confidence Limits. 14.6 Element Failure Analysis.14.7 Concluding Remarks.References.Bibliography.Problems.Appendix.Index.