Anny Bakalian is Associate Director and Mehdi Bozorgmehr is Co-Director of the Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. Bozorgmehr is also Associate Professor of Sociology at the City College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York.

"An indispensable and pioneering work." Journal Of Balkan And Near Eastern Studies

• List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgments 1. Backlash against Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans 2. The Post-9/11 Backlash in Comparative and Historical Perspectives 3. Immigration Patterns, Characteristics, and Identities 4. Organizational Structures and Transformation 5. Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents 6. Government Initiatives and the Impact of the Backlash 7. Mobilization 8. Religious Accommodation, Civic Engagement, and Political Integration Appendix. A Time Line of Government Initiatives and Actions Notes References Index

Anny Bakalian is Associate Director and Mehdi Bozorgmehr is Co-Director of the Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. Bozorgmehr is also Associate Professor of Sociology at the City College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York.

"An indispensable and pioneering work." Journal Of Balkan And Near Eastern Studies

• List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgments 1. Backlash against Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans 2. The Post-9/11 Backlash in Comparative and Historical Perspectives 3. Immigration Patterns, Characteristics, and Identities 4. Organizational Structures and Transformation 5. Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents 6. Government Initiatives and the Impact of the Backlash 7. Mobilization 8. Religious Accommodation, Civic Engagement, and Political Integration Appendix. A Time Line of Government Initiatives and Actions Notes References Index

Anny Bakalian is Associate Director and Mehdi Bozorgmehr is Co-Director of the Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. Bozorgmehr is also Associate Professor of Sociology at the City College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York.

"An indispensable and pioneering work." Journal Of Balkan And Near Eastern Studies

• List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgments 1. Backlash against Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans 2. The Post-9/11 Backlash in Comparative and Historical Perspectives 3. Immigration Patterns, Characteristics, and Identities 4. Organizational Structures and Transformation 5. Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents 6. Government Initiatives and the Impact of the Backlash 7. Mobilization 8. Religious Accommodation, Civic Engagement, and Political Integration Appendix. A Time Line of Government Initiatives and Actions Notes References Index