Research presented in this book was completed with the support of University of California Global Health Institute’s (UCGHI)Center of Expertise (COE) on Women’s Health, Gender, and Empowerment, whose leaders and members comprised the editorial team. Chapter authors include representatives and grantees from world-renowned organizations working at the intersection of women’s health, gender, and empowerment, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, CARE International, Department for International Development, GirlHub, National Institute of Health’s Fogarty International Center, Nike Foundation, Packard Foundation, Population Council, Public Health Foundation of India, Sonke Gender Justice, and UNICEF. Lead Editors: Shari L. Dworkin is Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing.Monica Gandhi is Professor at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine.Paige Passano is Program Officer at the University of California, Berkeley’s OASIS Initiative, a project of the Bixby Center for Population, Health, and Sustainability and the College of Natural Resources.

• List of IllustrationsIntroduction: Empowering Women for HealthGita SenSECTION ONE. SOCIOCULTURAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND HEALTH SERVICE INTERVENTIONS AS TOOLS OF EMPOWERMENTIntroductionDallas Swendeman and Paula Tavrow1. Taking Services to the Doorstep: Providing Rural Indian Women Greater Control over Their FertilityPallavi Gupta, Kirti Iyengar, and Sharad Iyengar2. Obstetric Fistula in Kenya: A Holistic Model of Outreach, Treatment, and ReintegrationLindsey Pollaczek, Paula Tavrow, and Habiba Mohamed3. Pathways to Choice: Delaying Age of Marriage through Girls’ Education in Northern NigeriaDaniel Perlman, Fatima Adamu, Mairo Mandara, Olorukooba Abiola, David Cao, and Malcolm Potts4. Early Empowerment: The Evolution and Practice of Girls’ “Boot Camps” in Kenya and HaitiKaren Austrian, Judith Bruce, and M. Catherine Maternowska5. Empowerment and HIV Risk Reduction among Sex Workers in BangladeshVictor Robinson, Theresa Y. Hwang, and Elisa Martínez6. Gender Roles in U.S. Women with HIV: Intersection with Psychological and Physical Health OutcomesLeslie R. Brody, Sannisha K. Dale, Gwendolyn A. Kelso, Ruth C. Cruise, Kathleen M. Weber, Lynissa R. Stokes, and Mardge H. Cohen7. Examining the Impact of a Masculinities-Based HIV Prevention and Antiviolence Program in Limpopo and Eastern Cape, South AfricaShari L. Dworkin, Abigail M. Hatcher, Christopher Colvin, and Dean PeacockSECTION TWO. STRUCTURAL (LEGAL/POLICY, ECONOMIC) INTERVENTIONS AS TOOLS OF EMPOWERMENTIntroductionShelly Grabe, Sheri Weiser, Shari L. Dworkin, Joanna Weinberg, and Lara Stemple8. Empowering Adolescent Girls and Women for Improved Sexual Health in Zimbabwe: Lessons Learned from a Combined Livelihoods and Life Skills Intervention (SHAZ!)Megan S. Dunbar and Imelda Mudekunye-Mahaka9. Is Microfi nance Coupled with Gender Training Empowering for Women? Lessons from the IMAGE Process Evaluation in Rural South AfricaAbigail M. Hatcher, Jacques de Wet, Christopher Bonell, Godfrey Phetla, Vicki Strange, Paul Pronyk, Julia Kim, Linda Morison, Charlotte Watts, John Porter, and James R. Hargreaves10. Older U.S. Women’s Economic Security, Health, and Empowerment: The Fight against Opponents of Social Security, Medicare, and MedicaidCarroll L. Estes11. Women’s Health and Empowerment after the Decriminalization of Abortion in Mexico CityGustavo Ortiz Millán12. Impact of a Grassroots Property Rights Program on Women’s Empowerment in Rural KenyaKate Gru¨nke-Horton and Shari L. Dworkin13. Land Tenure and Women’s Empowerment and Health: A Programmatic Evaluation of Structural Change in NicaraguaShelly Grabe, Anjali Dutt, and Carlos ArenasConclusions: A Twenty-First-Century Agenda for Women’s Empowerment and HealthShari L. Dworkin and Lara StempleList of ContributorsIndex

Research presented in this book was completed with the support of University of California Global Health Institute’s (UCGHI)Center of Expertise (COE) on Women’s Health, Gender, and Empowerment, whose leaders and members comprised the editorial team. Chapter authors include representatives and grantees from world-renowned organizations working at the intersection of women’s health, gender, and empowerment, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, CARE International, Department for International Development, GirlHub, National Institute of Health’s Fogarty International Center, Nike Foundation, Packard Foundation, Population Council, Public Health Foundation of India, Sonke Gender Justice, and UNICEF. Lead Editors: Shari L. Dworkin is Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing.Monica Gandhi is Professor at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine.Paige Passano is Program Officer at the University of California, Berkeley’s OASIS Initiative, a project of the Bixby Center for Population, Health, and Sustainability and the College of Natural Resources.

• List of IllustrationsIntroduction: Empowering Women for HealthGita SenSECTION ONE. SOCIOCULTURAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND HEALTH SERVICE INTERVENTIONS AS TOOLS OF EMPOWERMENTIntroductionDallas Swendeman and Paula Tavrow1. Taking Services to the Doorstep: Providing Rural Indian Women Greater Control over Their FertilityPallavi Gupta, Kirti Iyengar, and Sharad Iyengar2. Obstetric Fistula in Kenya: A Holistic Model of Outreach, Treatment, and ReintegrationLindsey Pollaczek, Paula Tavrow, and Habiba Mohamed3. Pathways to Choice: Delaying Age of Marriage through Girls’ Education in Northern NigeriaDaniel Perlman, Fatima Adamu, Mairo Mandara, Olorukooba Abiola, David Cao, and Malcolm Potts4. Early Empowerment: The Evolution and Practice of Girls’ “Boot Camps” in Kenya and HaitiKaren Austrian, Judith Bruce, and M. Catherine Maternowska5. Empowerment and HIV Risk Reduction among Sex Workers in BangladeshVictor Robinson, Theresa Y. Hwang, and Elisa Martínez6. Gender Roles in U.S. Women with HIV: Intersection with Psychological and Physical Health OutcomesLeslie R. Brody, Sannisha K. Dale, Gwendolyn A. Kelso, Ruth C. Cruise, Kathleen M. Weber, Lynissa R. Stokes, and Mardge H. Cohen7. Examining the Impact of a Masculinities-Based HIV Prevention and Antiviolence Program in Limpopo and Eastern Cape, South AfricaShari L. Dworkin, Abigail M. Hatcher, Christopher Colvin, and Dean PeacockSECTION TWO. STRUCTURAL (LEGAL/POLICY, ECONOMIC) INTERVENTIONS AS TOOLS OF EMPOWERMENTIntroductionShelly Grabe, Sheri Weiser, Shari L. Dworkin, Joanna Weinberg, and Lara Stemple8. Empowering Adolescent Girls and Women for Improved Sexual Health in Zimbabwe: Lessons Learned from a Combined Livelihoods and Life Skills Intervention (SHAZ!)Megan S. Dunbar and Imelda Mudekunye-Mahaka9. Is Microfi nance Coupled with Gender Training Empowering for Women? Lessons from the IMAGE Process Evaluation in Rural South AfricaAbigail M. Hatcher, Jacques de Wet, Christopher Bonell, Godfrey Phetla, Vicki Strange, Paul Pronyk, Julia Kim, Linda Morison, Charlotte Watts, John Porter, and James R. Hargreaves10. Older U.S. Women’s Economic Security, Health, and Empowerment: The Fight against Opponents of Social Security, Medicare, and MedicaidCarroll L. Estes11. Women’s Health and Empowerment after the Decriminalization of Abortion in Mexico CityGustavo Ortiz Millán12. Impact of a Grassroots Property Rights Program on Women’s Empowerment in Rural KenyaKate Gru¨nke-Horton and Shari L. Dworkin13. Land Tenure and Women’s Empowerment and Health: A Programmatic Evaluation of Structural Change in NicaraguaShelly Grabe, Anjali Dutt, and Carlos ArenasConclusions: A Twenty-First-Century Agenda for Women’s Empowerment and HealthShari L. Dworkin and Lara StempleList of ContributorsIndex