David L. Reich, MD, was named Professor and Chair of Anesthesiology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, NY, in 2004, where he had previously been Co-Director of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia since 1990. Dr Reich's research interests include neurocognitive outcome following thoracic aortic surgery, outcome effects of intraoperative hemodynamics, medical informatics and hemodynamic monitoring. He has published more than 90 peer-reviewed articles and more than 30 chapters and is an associate editor of the text Cardiac Anesthesia and editor-in-chief of Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. He is a member of the International Organization for Terminology in Anesthesia (IOTA) of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation and works with that group, IHTDSO and HL7 to create international standards for anesthesia terminology for electronic patient records. Ronald Kahn, MD, is an Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Surgery at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, MD, is an Associate Professor of Anesthesiology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Director of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. Andrew B. Leibowitz, MD, is a Professor of Anesthesiology and Surgery at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Executive Vice Chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. Marc E. Stone, MD, is Associate Professor of Anesthesiology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Program Director, Fellowship in Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center. James B. Eisenkraft, MD, is Professor of Anesthesiology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University and Attending Anesthesiologist at the Mount Sinai Medical Center.

• Foreword C. L. Lake; Preface D. L. Reich; 1. The history of anesthesia and perioperative monitoring David L. Reich; 2. Medicolegal implications of monitoring Jeffrey M. Feldman; 3. Validity, accuracy, and repeatability of monitoring variables Daniel M. Thys and Jung Kim; 4. Teaching monitoring skills Samuel DeMaria, Adam I. Levine and Yasuharu Okuda; 5. Electrocardiography Alexander J. C. Mittnacht and Martin London; 6. Arterial pressure monitoring Alexander J. C. Mittnacht and Tuula S. O. Kurki; 7. Central venous and pulmonary artery catheterization Deborah Dubensky and Alexander J. C. Mittnacht; 8. Cardiac output and intravascular volume Mukul Kapoor and Marc Stone; 9. Gastric tonometry Elliot Bennett-Guerrero; 10. Oxygen delivery, transport and tissue oxygen tension: critical monitoring in the ICU Jayashree Raikhelkar and Peter J. Papadakos; 11. Transeosophageal echocardiography Ronald A. Kahn and Gregory W. Fischer; 12. Ultrasound guidance of vascular catheterization Andrew B. Leibowitz and Jonathan Elmer; 13. Ultrasound guidance for regional anesthesia procedures Christina L. Jeng and Meg A. Rosenblatt; 14. Respiratory gas monitoring James B. Eisenkraft; 15. Monitoring pressure, volume, and flow in the anesthesia breathing system James B. Eisenkraft; 16. Pulse oximetry Tuula S. O. Kurki and James B. Eisenkraft; 17. Neurological intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring Michael L. McGarvey and Albert T. Cheung; 18. Level of consciousness monitoring Marc J. Bloom; 19. Transcranial doppler Dean B. Andropoulos; 20. Multi-modality monitoring in critically ill neurological patients Jennifer A. Frontera; 21. Near infrared spectroscopy Dean B. Andropoulos; 22. Perioperative monitoring of neuromuscular function Aaron F. Kopman; 23. Critical care testing in the operating room: electrolytes, glucose, acid-base, blood gases Lakshmi V. Ramanathan, Judit Tolnai and Michael S. Lewis; 24. Laboratory-based tests of blood clotting Nathaen Weitzel, Tamas Seres and Glenn P. Gravlee; 25. Coagulation and hematologic point-of-care testing Liza J. Erniquez and Linda Shore-Lesserson; 26. Cardiac biomarkers for perioperative management Anoushka Afonso and Eric Adler; 27. Endocrine testing in the operating room Lakshmi V. Ramanathan and Michael S. Lewis; 28. Temperature monitoring David Wax and Justin Lipper; 29. Fetal heart rate monitoring Howard H. Bernstein; 30. Pain scales Jonathan Epstein, Diana Mungall and Yaakov Beilin; 31. Neurological clinical scales Jennifer A. Frontera; 32. Post-anesthesia care unit assessment scales David Bronheim and Richard S. Gist; 33. Delirium monitoring: scales and assessments Brigid Flynn and Corey Scurlock; 34. Intensive care unit (ICU) risk scoring Adel Bassily-Marcus and Roopa Kohli-Seth; 35. Computers and monitoring: information management systems, alarms and drug delivery David Wax and Matthew Levin; Appendix. Monitoring recommendations for common types of surgical procedures Samuel DeMaria, Timothy Mooney and Jenny Kam.