James Adams is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His primary research interest is the application of spatial modeling to real world elections, and the insights this approach can provide into theories of political representation. He is the author of Party Competition and Responsible Party Government: A Theory of Spatial Competition Based upon Insights from Behavioral Voting Research (2001), as well as articles in the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, the British Journal of Political Science, and Public Choice. Samuel Merrill, III, is a Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Wilkes University, Pennsylvania. He received a PhD from Yale University, Connecticut. His current research involves mathematical and statistical modeling, particularly in political science. He is the author (with Bernard Grofman) of A Unified Theory of Voting (Cambridge, 1999) and Making Multicandidate Elections More Democratic (1988) and has published in a number of journals including the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He has been a visiting professor at Yale University and a visiting scholar at the University of Washington. Bernard Grofman is Professor of Political Science (and adjunct Professor of Economics) at the University of California, Irvine. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 1972. He is an expert on comparative election systems and models of voting, and social choice theory. He has published over 200 articles in journals such as the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, Electoral Studies, and Public Choice, and he has authored or co-edited seventeen books. He has been a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a visiting professor at the University of Michigan, the University of Washington, and the University of Mannheim, and a scholar-in-residence at the University of Bologna, Kansai University, Osaka, the German Science Center, Berlin, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona and the Brookings Institution, Washington DC. He is past president of the Public Choice Society and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

• 1. Modeling party competition; 2. How voters decide: the components of the unified theory of voting; 3. Linking voter choice to party strategies: illustrating the role of non-policy factors; 4. Factors influencing the link between party strategy and the variables; 5. Policy competition under the unified theory: empirical applications to the 1988 French Presidential Election; 6. Policy competition under the unified voting model: empirical applications to the 1989 Norwegian parliamentary election; 7. The threat of abstention: candidate strategies and policy representation in US presidential elections; 8. Candidate strategies with voter abstention in US presidential elections: 1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000; 9. Policy competition in Britain: the 1997 general election; 10. The consequences of voter projection: assimilation and contrast effects; 11. Policy-seeking motivations of parties in two-party elections: theory; 12. Policy-seeking motivations of parties in two-party elections: empirical analysis; 13. Concluding remarks.

James Adams is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His primary research interest is the application of spatial modeling to real world elections, and the insights this approach can provide into theories of political representation. He is the author of Party Competition and Responsible Party Government: A Theory of Spatial Competition Based upon Insights from Behavioral Voting Research (2001), as well as articles in the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, the British Journal of Political Science, and Public Choice. Samuel Merrill, III, is a Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Wilkes University, Pennsylvania. He received a PhD from Yale University, Connecticut. His current research involves mathematical and statistical modeling, particularly in political science. He is the author (with Bernard Grofman) of A Unified Theory of Voting (Cambridge, 1999) and Making Multicandidate Elections More Democratic (1988) and has published in a number of journals including the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He has been a visiting professor at Yale University and a visiting scholar at the University of Washington. Bernard Grofman is Professor of Political Science (and adjunct Professor of Economics) at the University of California, Irvine. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 1972. He is an expert on comparative election systems and models of voting, and social choice theory. He has published over 200 articles in journals such as the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, Electoral Studies, and Public Choice, and he has authored or co-edited seventeen books. He has been a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a visiting professor at the University of Michigan, the University of Washington, and the University of Mannheim, and a scholar-in-residence at the University of Bologna, Kansai University, Osaka, the German Science Center, Berlin, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona and the Brookings Institution, Washington DC. He is past president of the Public Choice Society and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

• 1. Modeling party competition; 2. How voters decide: the components of the unified theory of voting; 3. Linking voter choice to party strategies: illustrating the role of non-policy factors; 4. Factors influencing the link between party strategy and the variables; 5. Policy competition under the unified theory: empirical applications to the 1988 French Presidential Election; 6. Policy competition under the unified voting model: empirical applications to the 1989 Norwegian parliamentary election; 7. The threat of abstention: candidate strategies and policy representation in US presidential elections; 8. Candidate strategies with voter abstention in US presidential elections: 1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000; 9. Policy competition in Britain: the 1997 general election; 10. The consequences of voter projection: assimilation and contrast effects; 11. Policy-seeking motivations of parties in two-party elections: theory; 12. Policy-seeking motivations of parties in two-party elections: empirical analysis; 13. Concluding remarks.

James Adams is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His primary research interest is the application of spatial modeling to real world elections, and the insights this approach can provide into theories of political representation. He is the author of Party Competition and Responsible Party Government: A Theory of Spatial Competition Based upon Insights from Behavioral Voting Research (2001), as well as articles in the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, the British Journal of Political Science, and Public Choice. Samuel Merrill, III, is a Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Wilkes University, Pennsylvania. He received a PhD from Yale University, Connecticut. His current research involves mathematical and statistical modeling, particularly in political science. He is the author (with Bernard Grofman) of A Unified Theory of Voting (Cambridge, 1999) and Making Multicandidate Elections More Democratic (1988) and has published in a number of journals including the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He has been a visiting professor at Yale University and a visiting scholar at the University of Washington. Bernard Grofman is Professor of Political Science (and adjunct Professor of Economics) at the University of California, Irvine. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 1972. He is an expert on comparative election systems and models of voting, and social choice theory. He has published over 200 articles in journals such as the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, Electoral Studies, and Public Choice, and he has authored or co-edited seventeen books. He has been a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a visiting professor at the University of Michigan, the University of Washington, and the University of Mannheim, and a scholar-in-residence at the University of Bologna, Kansai University, Osaka, the German Science Center, Berlin, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona and the Brookings Institution, Washington DC. He is past president of the Public Choice Society and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

• 1. Modeling party competition; 2. How voters decide: the components of the unified theory of voting; 3. Linking voter choice to party strategies: illustrating the role of non-policy factors; 4. Factors influencing the link between party strategy and the variables; 5. Policy competition under the unified theory: empirical applications to the 1988 French Presidential Election; 6. Policy competition under the unified voting model: empirical applications to the 1989 Norwegian parliamentary election; 7. The threat of abstention: candidate strategies and policy representation in US presidential elections; 8. Candidate strategies with voter abstention in US presidential elections: 1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000; 9. Policy competition in Britain: the 1997 general election; 10. The consequences of voter projection: assimilation and contrast effects; 11. Policy-seeking motivations of parties in two-party elections: theory; 12. Policy-seeking motivations of parties in two-party elections: empirical analysis; 13. Concluding remarks.