"an excellent reference book. Specialists, students, and the general reader will all be grateful for the care, accuracy, discrimination, and good sense with which it has been compiled...a considerable achievement and highly recommended." English Historical Review

• ContentsPrefaceList of AbbreviationsList of MapsSECTION ONE: lntemaJ Politics1.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND GENERAL1.1.1 The Romanov Dynasty, 1613- 1917 281.1.2 The Table of Ranks 291.1.3 Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers 311.1.4 Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 311.1.5 Ministers of the Interior 311.1.6 Ministers of J ustice 32l.l. 7 Ministers of Posts and Telegraph 321.1.8 Ministers of Police 331.1.9 Directors of the Third Department 331.2 THE ARMED FORCES1.2.1 Presidents of the War College1.2.2 Ministers of War1.2.3 Naval Ministers1.3 SOCIAL U:-.~REST AND REVOLUTION1.3.1 The Revolutionary and LabourMovement:;1.3.2 The Democratic Movement1.3.3 The Revolution of 1905-71.3.4 The Revolution of February 1917SECTION TWO: SociaJ, Economic andCulturaJ Developments2.1 RELIGION AND THE CHURCH2.1.1 Procurators of the Holy Synod2.2 EDUCATION 922.2.1 Min isters of Education 1032.3 FINANCE, INDUSTRY, TRADE AN D THEBouRGEOISIE 1042.3.1 Ministers of Finance 1142.3.2 Minister of Commerce ll42.3.3 Ministe rs of Trad e and Industry 1142.3.4 Managers-in-Chief of T ra nsport andPublic Buildings 1152.3.5 Ministers of Transpor t 1152.3.6 State Con trollers 1152.4 St:RFDOM, THE PEASANTRY ANDAGRICULTURE 1162.4.1 Ministers of the Im pe rial Court an dProperties 1242.4.2 H ead of the Fifth Section of H isMajesty's Own Chancery 1242.4.3 Min isters of State Domain s 1252.4.4 Minister of Agriculture and StateDomains 125~.4.5 Ministers of Agriculture 1252.5 CULTURE 126SECTION THREE: Nationalities 1653.1 THt: BALTIC STATES 1673.2 POLAND 1703.2.1 Viceroys of Poland 1823.3 NEw RussiA, SouTH RussiA AND U KRAINE 1833.4 FINLAND 1893.4.1 Governors-Gen eral of Finland 1913.5 THE J EWS 1933.6 THE CAUCASUS 1983.6.1 Commanders-in-chief and Viceroys inthe Caucasus 2043.7 RussiA IN ASIA 2063.8 RUSS IAN AMERICA 208CONTENTS viiSECTION FOUR: Foreign Policy and War 2114.1 F OREIGN P O LICY OUTLINE4.1.1 Ministers of Foreign Affairs4.2 R USS IA AND THE B ALTIC4.2.1 Treaties4.3 R usSIA AND THE O TTOMAN E(v!PIRE4.3.1 Treaties4.4 R t;SSIA AND THE CENTRAL P OWERS4.4.1 Treaties4.5 R usSIA AND WESTERN E u ROP E4.5.1 Treaties4.6 R USSI A AND ASI A4.6.1 Treaties4.7 R uSSIA AND THE CRI MEAN WAR4. 7.1 Treaties4.8 R ussi A AND THE F IRST WoRLD WAR4.8.1 TreatiesSECTION FIVE: GlossarySECTION SIX: BiographiesSECTION S EVEN: Appendices7.1 THE R USS IAN A LPHABET, WITH ACCEPTEDT RANSLITERATION AND GurnE TOPRONUNCIATION7.2 j ULIAN AND G RF.CORIAN CALEN DARS7.3 R ussi AN NAMESSECTION EIGHT: Guide to Furthe r ReadingSECTION NI NE: PlacenamesIndex

"an excellent reference book. Specialists, students, and the general reader will all be grateful for the care, accuracy, discrimination, and good sense with which it has been compiled...a considerable achievement and highly recommended." English Historical Review

• ContentsPrefaceList of AbbreviationsList of MapsSECTION ONE: lntemaJ Politics1.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND GENERAL1.1.1 The Romanov Dynasty, 1613- 1917 281.1.2 The Table of Ranks 291.1.3 Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers 311.1.4 Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 311.1.5 Ministers of the Interior 311.1.6 Ministers of J ustice 32l.l. 7 Ministers of Posts and Telegraph 321.1.8 Ministers of Police 331.1.9 Directors of the Third Department 331.2 THE ARMED FORCES1.2.1 Presidents of the War College1.2.2 Ministers of War1.2.3 Naval Ministers1.3 SOCIAL U:-.~REST AND REVOLUTION1.3.1 The Revolutionary and LabourMovement:;1.3.2 The Democratic Movement1.3.3 The Revolution of 1905-71.3.4 The Revolution of February 1917SECTION TWO: SociaJ, Economic andCulturaJ Developments2.1 RELIGION AND THE CHURCH2.1.1 Procurators of the Holy Synod2.2 EDUCATION 922.2.1 Min isters of Education 1032.3 FINANCE, INDUSTRY, TRADE AN D THEBouRGEOISIE 1042.3.1 Ministers of Finance 1142.3.2 Minister of Commerce ll42.3.3 Ministe rs of Trad e and Industry 1142.3.4 Managers-in-Chief of T ra nsport andPublic Buildings 1152.3.5 Ministers of Transpor t 1152.3.6 State Con trollers 1152.4 St:RFDOM, THE PEASANTRY ANDAGRICULTURE 1162.4.1 Ministers of the Im pe rial Court an dProperties 1242.4.2 H ead of the Fifth Section of H isMajesty's Own Chancery 1242.4.3 Min isters of State Domain s 1252.4.4 Minister of Agriculture and StateDomains 125~.4.5 Ministers of Agriculture 1252.5 CULTURE 126SECTION THREE: Nationalities 1653.1 THt: BALTIC STATES 1673.2 POLAND 1703.2.1 Viceroys of Poland 1823.3 NEw RussiA, SouTH RussiA AND U KRAINE 1833.4 FINLAND 1893.4.1 Governors-Gen eral of Finland 1913.5 THE J EWS 1933.6 THE CAUCASUS 1983.6.1 Commanders-in-chief and Viceroys inthe Caucasus 2043.7 RussiA IN ASIA 2063.8 RUSS IAN AMERICA 208CONTENTS viiSECTION FOUR: Foreign Policy and War 2114.1 F OREIGN P O LICY OUTLINE4.1.1 Ministers of Foreign Affairs4.2 R USS IA AND THE B ALTIC4.2.1 Treaties4.3 R usSIA AND THE O TTOMAN E(v!PIRE4.3.1 Treaties4.4 R t;SSIA AND THE CENTRAL P OWERS4.4.1 Treaties4.5 R usSIA AND WESTERN E u ROP E4.5.1 Treaties4.6 R USSI A AND ASI A4.6.1 Treaties4.7 R uSSIA AND THE CRI MEAN WAR4. 7.1 Treaties4.8 R ussi A AND THE F IRST WoRLD WAR4.8.1 TreatiesSECTION FIVE: GlossarySECTION SIX: BiographiesSECTION S EVEN: Appendices7.1 THE R USS IAN A LPHABET, WITH ACCEPTEDT RANSLITERATION AND GurnE TOPRONUNCIATION7.2 j ULIAN AND G RF.CORIAN CALEN DARS7.3 R ussi AN NAMESSECTION EIGHT: Guide to Furthe r ReadingSECTION NI NE: PlacenamesIndex

"an excellent reference book. Specialists, students, and the general reader will all be grateful for the care, accuracy, discrimination, and good sense with which it has been compiled...a considerable achievement and highly recommended." English Historical Review

• ContentsPrefaceList of AbbreviationsList of MapsSECTION ONE: lntemaJ Politics1.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND GENERAL1.1.1 The Romanov Dynasty, 1613- 1917 281.1.2 The Table of Ranks 291.1.3 Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers 311.1.4 Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 311.1.5 Ministers of the Interior 311.1.6 Ministers of J ustice 32l.l. 7 Ministers of Posts and Telegraph 321.1.8 Ministers of Police 331.1.9 Directors of the Third Department 331.2 THE ARMED FORCES1.2.1 Presidents of the War College1.2.2 Ministers of War1.2.3 Naval Ministers1.3 SOCIAL U:-.~REST AND REVOLUTION1.3.1 The Revolutionary and LabourMovement:;1.3.2 The Democratic Movement1.3.3 The Revolution of 1905-71.3.4 The Revolution of February 1917SECTION TWO: SociaJ, Economic andCulturaJ Developments2.1 RELIGION AND THE CHURCH2.1.1 Procurators of the Holy Synod2.2 EDUCATION 922.2.1 Min isters of Education 1032.3 FINANCE, INDUSTRY, TRADE AN D THEBouRGEOISIE 1042.3.1 Ministers of Finance 1142.3.2 Minister of Commerce ll42.3.3 Ministe rs of Trad e and Industry 1142.3.4 Managers-in-Chief of T ra nsport andPublic Buildings 1152.3.5 Ministers of Transpor t 1152.3.6 State Con trollers 1152.4 St:RFDOM, THE PEASANTRY ANDAGRICULTURE 1162.4.1 Ministers of the Im pe rial Court an dProperties 1242.4.2 H ead of the Fifth Section of H isMajesty's Own Chancery 1242.4.3 Min isters of State Domain s 1252.4.4 Minister of Agriculture and StateDomains 125~.4.5 Ministers of Agriculture 1252.5 CULTURE 126SECTION THREE: Nationalities 1653.1 THt: BALTIC STATES 1673.2 POLAND 1703.2.1 Viceroys of Poland 1823.3 NEw RussiA, SouTH RussiA AND U KRAINE 1833.4 FINLAND 1893.4.1 Governors-Gen eral of Finland 1913.5 THE J EWS 1933.6 THE CAUCASUS 1983.6.1 Commanders-in-chief and Viceroys inthe Caucasus 2043.7 RussiA IN ASIA 2063.8 RUSS IAN AMERICA 208CONTENTS viiSECTION FOUR: Foreign Policy and War 2114.1 F OREIGN P O LICY OUTLINE4.1.1 Ministers of Foreign Affairs4.2 R USS IA AND THE B ALTIC4.2.1 Treaties4.3 R usSIA AND THE O TTOMAN E(v!PIRE4.3.1 Treaties4.4 R t;SSIA AND THE CENTRAL P OWERS4.4.1 Treaties4.5 R usSIA AND WESTERN E u ROP E4.5.1 Treaties4.6 R USSI A AND ASI A4.6.1 Treaties4.7 R uSSIA AND THE CRI MEAN WAR4. 7.1 Treaties4.8 R ussi A AND THE F IRST WoRLD WAR4.8.1 TreatiesSECTION FIVE: GlossarySECTION SIX: BiographiesSECTION S EVEN: Appendices7.1 THE R USS IAN A LPHABET, WITH ACCEPTEDT RANSLITERATION AND GurnE TOPRONUNCIATION7.2 j ULIAN AND G RF.CORIAN CALEN DARS7.3 R ussi AN NAMESSECTION EIGHT: Guide to Furthe r ReadingSECTION NI NE: PlacenamesIndex