Capital Ideas and Market Realities

Bruce I. Jacobs is co-founder, co-chief investment officer, and co-director of research at Jacobs Levy Equity Management. He holds a Ph.D. in finance from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. For 35 years, he has been a major voice for financial transparency. Jacobs has written journal articles and books on equity management and financial crises, including Too Smart for Our Own Good: Ingenious Investment Strategies, Illusions of Safety, and Market Crashes (2018). He has spoken at prestigious forums, including those held by University of California, Berkeley, the Wharton School, Institute for Quantitative Research in Finance, CFA Institute, Society of Quantitative Analysts, and New York Society of Security Analysts.

"Wall Street's equivalent of the movie Nightmare on Elm Street - Part 10. Portfolio insurance / dynamic hedging, the Freddy Krueger of the 1987 stock market crash, is back again with the recent growth of options and swaps. Jacobs builds the case for how portfolio insurance and dynamic hedging exacerbated the 1987 crash and points out that dynamic hedging has played a similar role in recent periods of market volatility." Robert Glauber, Executive Director, Brady Commission and former Under Secretary of the Treasury "Bruce Jacobs, an investment manager who predicted before the 1987 crash that portfolio insurance would trigger chain-reaction selling, recently forecast that option-strategies ('the sons of portfolio insurance') would play a similar, though more muted, role in a future debacle. Monday [October 27, 1997] provided damning evidence." The Wall Street Journal "Every fiduciary should read this book. Investors have too often been taken in by promotions appealing to their basic human instincts of fear and greed. Bruce Jacobs shows how supposedly low-risk, seemingly infallible, investment strategies can backfire. His views on portfolio insurance helped steer our profit-sharing fund away from that craze in 1987. Today, especially in light of the long-term Capital Management fiasco, investors should know what Bruce has to say about derivatives trading strategies and market crashes." John E. Stettler, Vice President - Benefit Investments, Georgia-Pacific Corporation "Bruce Jacobs demonstrates effectively that trend-following strategies like portfolio insurance are fair-weather techniques that may add to, rather than minimize, troubles when a major crash occurs." Charles P. Kindleberger, author of Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crisis "Bruce Jacobs has created an instant classic. Capital Ideas and Market Realities demonstrates how products that appeal to investors' fears of short-term losses often ignore prudence and long-term value. This book is a must read for every investor." The Journal of Investing

• Foreword: Harry M. Markowitz, Nobel Laureate. Introduction.Part I: From Ideas into Products: .1. Options and Option Replication. Options. How Options Took Off. Replicating Options. Real vs. Synthetic Options. A Risk Posed.Summary.2. Synthetic Portfolio Insurance: The Sell. Asset Protection. Enhanced Returns. Unleashing the Aggressive Investor. Locking in Gains. Pension Fund Benefits. Beyond Equity. Job Security. "No Unhappy Surprises".Summary.3. A Free Lunch? Sacrificing Wealth. Implementation Pitfalls.i. Falling Through the Floor.ii. Missing the Upside.iii. Unexpected Transaction Costs. Job Insecurity.Summary.4. Who Needs It? An Alternative: Buy Low and Sell High. Strategies in Practice. New and Improved.Summary.Part II: The Crash of 1987: A Reality Check:.5. The Fall of a Reigning Paradigm. An Efficient Crash. The Fundamental Things. The Psychic Crash.Summary.6. Animal Spirits. Patterns. Noise. Overoptimism. Feedback Trading.Summary.7. Bubbles, Cascades and Chaos. Bubbles. Informational Cascades. Chaos.Summary.8. Futures and Index Arbitrage. The Futures - Stock Interface. The Mixed Evidence. Arbitrage and the Crash. A Massive Liquidity Event.Summary.Part III: How Dynamic Hedging Moved Markets: .9. Synthetic Puts and the 1987 Crash: Theory. A Fad. An Informational Cascade. Insurance, Arbitrage and Liquidity.Summary.10. Synthetic Puts and the 1987 Crash: Evidence. Before the Crash. Black Monday. Roller Coaster Tuesday. Brady Commission and SEC Views.Summary.11. Alibis I: The U. S. Crash. No Bounce Back. Insurers Far from Only Sellers. Investors Would Have Sold Anyway. Insurance Sales Insufficient. Insurance Trades not Correlated with Market Moves.Summary.12. Alibis II: Across Time and Space. Explaining the 1929 Crash.i. Margins Calls in 1929. Stocks Not in the S&P 500 Crashed. Explaining the International Crash. ii. The Synchronization of World Markets.iii. Contagion Effects.Summary.13. Did Insurance Live up to Its Name? Crash Conditions. Whipsaws. A Retreat. Why It Failed.Summary.Part IV: Option Replication Resurrected:.14. i. Mini-Crashes of 1989, 1991 and 1997, Friday the 13th, October 1989.ii. Effect of Circuit Breakers.iii. OTC Puts. November 15, 1991. Testing the Brakes: October 27, 1997.Summary.15. Sons of Portfolio Insurance. Sunshine Trading. Supershares. Options Reborn. Expanding the Listed Option Menu. Synthetic Warrants, Swaps and Guaranteed Equity.i. Warrants.ii. Swaps.iii. Guaranteed Equity.Summary.16. The Enduring Risks of Synthetic Options Risks to Buyers. Risks to Dealers. Risks to Markets.Summary.17. Living with Investment Risk. Predicting Market Moves. A Long-Run Perspective. A Premium for Patience.Summary.18. Late Developments: Awful August 1998 and the long-term Capital Fallout. Behind the Price Moves. long-term Capital: A Hedge Fund in Need of a Hedge. A Frenzied Fall. Deja vu.Summary. Epilogue.Appendix A: The Continuing Debate.Appendix B: Option Basics.Appendix C: Option Replication.Appendix D: Synthetic Options vs. Static-Allocation Portfolios.Glossary.Bibliography.Index.