Silvia Kouwenberg is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Language, Linguistics and Philosophy at the University of the West Indies (Mona, Jamaica). Her publications include A Grammar of Berbice Dutch (1994), Papiamentu (with Eric Murray, 1994), and Twice as Meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and Other Contact Languages (edited, 2003). John Victor Singler is Professor of Linguistics at New York University. His publications include An Introduction to Liberian English (1981) and Pidgin and Creole Tense-Mood-Aspect Systems (edited, 1990).

"This handbook provides a timely overview of a constantly changing and growing field and serves as a handy reference for anyone working on pidgins and creoles or related issues." James Walker, York University "A most informative handbook on pidgin and creole languages. Superbly edited, and written by the preeminent scholars in the field." Armin Schwegler, University of California, Irvine

• Notes on Contributors viiList of Abbreviations xiv1 Introduction 1Silvia Kouwenberg and John Victor SinglerPart I Properties of Pidgins and Creoles 172 Atlantic Creole Syntax 19Donald Winford3 Forging Pacific Pidgin and Creole Syntax: Substrate, Discourse, and Inherent Variability 48Miriam Meyerhoff4 Pidgin and Creole Morphology 74Terry Crowley5 Creole Phonology 98Norval S. H. Smith6 Pidgins versus Creoles and Pidgincreoles 130Peter Bakker7 Non-Indo-European Pidgins and Creoles 158Kees VersteeghPart II Perspectives on Pidgin/creole Genesis 1878 Pidgins/Creoles, and Second Language Acquisition 189Jeff Siegel9 Creole Genesis: The Impact of the Language Bioprogram Hypothesis 219Tonjes Veenstra10 Pidgins/Creoles and Historical Linguistics 242Sarah G. Thomason11 Pidgins/Creoles and Contact Languages: An Overview 263Rajend Mesthrie12 Creole Studies and Multilingualism 287Pieter Muysken13 A Demographic Perspective on Creole Formation 309Jacques Arends14 The Sociohistorical Context of Creole Genesis 332John Victor Singler15 The Cultural in Pidgin Genesis 359Christine JourdanPart III Pidgins/Creoles and Linguistic Explanation 38316 Grammaticalization in Pidgins and Creoles 385Adrienne Bruyn17 Creoles, Markedness, and Default Settings: An Appraisal 411Alain Kihm18 Semantic Evidence in Pidgin and Creole Genesis 440George Huttar19 Pidgins, Creoles, and Variation 461Peter L. PatrickPart IV Pidgins/Creoles and Kindred Languages 48920 The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies 491Judy Kegl21 Pidgins/Creoles and African American English 512Arthur K. Spears22 Spanish-Based Creoles in the Caribbean 543John M. LipskiPart V Pidgins/Creoles in Society 56523 Pidgins/Creoles and Discourse 567Geneviève Escure24 Pidgins/Creoles and Education 593Dennis Craig25 Language Planning in Pidgins and Creoles 615Hubert Devonish26 Literary Representations of Creole Languages: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives from the Caribbean 637Hélène Buzelin and Lise WinerAuthor Index 666Language Index 677Subject Index 682