Benn Steil is André Meyer Senior Fellow in International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations. David G. Victor is Robert W. Johnson, Jr., Senior Fellow and Director of the Science and Technology program at the Council on Foreign Relations. Richard R. Nelson is George Blumenthal Professor of International and Public Affairs, Business and Law at Columbia University.

• Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgement xi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction and Overview by Benn Steil, David G. Victor, and Richard R. Nelson 3 2. Innovation in an Historical Perspective: Tales of Technology and Evolution by Joel Mokyr 23 PART II: COUNTRY STUDIES 47 3. The United States by Robert J. Gordon 49 4. Japan by Adam S. Posen 74 5. Germany by Horst Siebert and Michael Stolpe 112 6. France by Patrick A. Messerlin 148 7. The United Kingdom by Stephen Nickell and John Van Reenen 178 8. The Nordic Countries by Matti VireAn and Markku Malkamaki 200 PART III: INDUSTRY STUDIES 227 9. The Internet by David C. Mowery and Timothy Simcoe 229 10. Computers and Semiconductors by Richard N. Langlois 265 11. Banking and Financial Intermediation by Charles W. Calomiris 285 12. Securities Trading by Ian Domowitz and Benn Steil 314 13. Venture Capital by Josh Lerner 327 14. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by Gary P. Pisano 347 15. Agricultural Biotechnology by Robert E. Evenson 367 16. Electric Power by David G. Victor 385 17. Automobiles by Charles H. Fine and Daniel M.G. Raff 416 Bibliography 433 Author Index 454 Subject Index 459

Benn Steil is André Meyer Senior Fellow in International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations. David G. Victor is Robert W. Johnson, Jr., Senior Fellow and Director of the Science and Technology program at the Council on Foreign Relations. Richard R. Nelson is George Blumenthal Professor of International and Public Affairs, Business and Law at Columbia University.

• Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgement xi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction and Overview by Benn Steil, David G. Victor, and Richard R. Nelson 3 2. Innovation in an Historical Perspective: Tales of Technology and Evolution by Joel Mokyr 23 PART II: COUNTRY STUDIES 47 3. The United States by Robert J. Gordon 49 4. Japan by Adam S. Posen 74 5. Germany by Horst Siebert and Michael Stolpe 112 6. France by Patrick A. Messerlin 148 7. The United Kingdom by Stephen Nickell and John Van Reenen 178 8. The Nordic Countries by Matti VireAn and Markku Malkamaki 200 PART III: INDUSTRY STUDIES 227 9. The Internet by David C. Mowery and Timothy Simcoe 229 10. Computers and Semiconductors by Richard N. Langlois 265 11. Banking and Financial Intermediation by Charles W. Calomiris 285 12. Securities Trading by Ian Domowitz and Benn Steil 314 13. Venture Capital by Josh Lerner 327 14. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by Gary P. Pisano 347 15. Agricultural Biotechnology by Robert E. Evenson 367 16. Electric Power by David G. Victor 385 17. Automobiles by Charles H. Fine and Daniel M.G. Raff 416 Bibliography 433 Author Index 454 Subject Index 459

Benn Steil is André Meyer Senior Fellow in International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations. David G. Victor is Robert W. Johnson, Jr., Senior Fellow and Director of the Science and Technology program at the Council on Foreign Relations. Richard R. Nelson is George Blumenthal Professor of International and Public Affairs, Business and Law at Columbia University.

• Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgement xi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction and Overview by Benn Steil, David G. Victor, and Richard R. Nelson 3 2. Innovation in an Historical Perspective: Tales of Technology and Evolution by Joel Mokyr 23 PART II: COUNTRY STUDIES 47 3. The United States by Robert J. Gordon 49 4. Japan by Adam S. Posen 74 5. Germany by Horst Siebert and Michael Stolpe 112 6. France by Patrick A. Messerlin 148 7. The United Kingdom by Stephen Nickell and John Van Reenen 178 8. The Nordic Countries by Matti VireAn and Markku Malkamaki 200 PART III: INDUSTRY STUDIES 227 9. The Internet by David C. Mowery and Timothy Simcoe 229 10. Computers and Semiconductors by Richard N. Langlois 265 11. Banking and Financial Intermediation by Charles W. Calomiris 285 12. Securities Trading by Ian Domowitz and Benn Steil 314 13. Venture Capital by Josh Lerner 327 14. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by Gary P. Pisano 347 15. Agricultural Biotechnology by Robert E. Evenson 367 16. Electric Power by David G. Victor 385 17. Automobiles by Charles H. Fine and Daniel M.G. Raff 416 Bibliography 433 Author Index 454 Subject Index 459