Nikki R. Keddie Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles

• Introduction; Part 1 Religion and Politics; Chapter 1 Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism*Most of the research for this paper was done on a Social Science Research Council Fellowship for work on a book on the Iranian Revolution 1905–1911, in Iran, England, and the Soviet Union. Thanks go also to Iranian informants, Part icularly Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh; to Dr. Abdol Hosein Zarrinkub, who suggested a number of ideas; to the scholars in the U.S. who criticized an earlier draft of the paper; and to Professor Martin Dickson for his painstaking help. Responsibility for views expressed is, of course, the author's. (1979 addendum: much information that could not be footnoted came from the late Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh.); Chapter 2 The Origins of the Religious-Radical Alliance in Iran*This Chapter is a revised version of a paper delivered before the Iranian Students' Association Conference on Contemporary Iran, Harvard, 1965. Only a small amount of the documentation on which its conclusions are based can conveniently be mentioned in footnotes. Here there will be little mention of sources in Persian, Arabic, Russian and Turkish or of unpublished documents, which are used and cited extensively in my Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Prolest of 1891–92, and Sayyid Jamal ad-Din ‘al-Afghani’: A Political Biography.; Chapter 3 Popular Part icipation in the Persian Revolution of 1905–1911; Chapter 4 Religion and Society in Iran*Thanks are due to Mohsen Ashtiany, Mangol Bayat-Philipp, Carlo Caldarola, George Hourani, Maxime Rodinson, William Royce, and Peter von Sivers for their useful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.; Part 2 Socio-Economic Change; Chapter 5 The Economic History of Iran, 1800–1914, and its Political Impact; Chapter 6 Iran, 1797–1941; Chapter 7 Stratification, Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Villages; Chapter 8 Oil, Economic Policy, and Social Change in Iran*This is a revised version of a paper presented to the conference ‘Stratégies de Développement et Changements Sociaux dans les Pays Producteurs de Pétrole d’Afrique et d'Asie,' held in October, 1977, under the auspices of the Association Française de Science Politique, Centre de Hautes Etudes sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes, and organized by Yves Schemeil. Thanks are due to E. Abrahamian, L. Beck, and E. Hooglund for comments on the 1977 paper. Some material from these papers was used in shorter articles in Iranian Studies, 1979, ‘The Midas Touch’ (where there are more details on Ayatollah Khomeini and the religious opposition) and in Race and Class, ‘Oil, Economic Policy, and Social Conflict in Iran,’ where there are more statistics and more details on land reform than in this essay. Editorial help on those essays from Ali Banuazizi and Eqbal Ahmad contributed to this one. Unless otherwise specified in the essay, the policies referred to in the essay were those followed before the 1978–79 events.;

Nikki R. Keddie Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles

• Introduction; Part 1 Religion and Politics; Chapter 1 Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism*Most of the research for this paper was done on a Social Science Research Council Fellowship for work on a book on the Iranian Revolution 1905–1911, in Iran, England, and the Soviet Union. Thanks go also to Iranian informants, Part icularly Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh; to Dr. Abdol Hosein Zarrinkub, who suggested a number of ideas; to the scholars in the U.S. who criticized an earlier draft of the paper; and to Professor Martin Dickson for his painstaking help. Responsibility for views expressed is, of course, the author's. (1979 addendum: much information that could not be footnoted came from the late Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh.); Chapter 2 The Origins of the Religious-Radical Alliance in Iran*This Chapter is a revised version of a paper delivered before the Iranian Students' Association Conference on Contemporary Iran, Harvard, 1965. Only a small amount of the documentation on which its conclusions are based can conveniently be mentioned in footnotes. Here there will be little mention of sources in Persian, Arabic, Russian and Turkish or of unpublished documents, which are used and cited extensively in my Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Prolest of 1891–92, and Sayyid Jamal ad-Din ‘al-Afghani’: A Political Biography.; Chapter 3 Popular Part icipation in the Persian Revolution of 1905–1911; Chapter 4 Religion and Society in Iran*Thanks are due to Mohsen Ashtiany, Mangol Bayat-Philipp, Carlo Caldarola, George Hourani, Maxime Rodinson, William Royce, and Peter von Sivers for their useful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.; Part 2 Socio-Economic Change; Chapter 5 The Economic History of Iran, 1800–1914, and its Political Impact; Chapter 6 Iran, 1797–1941; Chapter 7 Stratification, Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Villages; Chapter 8 Oil, Economic Policy, and Social Change in Iran*This is a revised version of a paper presented to the conference ‘Stratégies de Développement et Changements Sociaux dans les Pays Producteurs de Pétrole d’Afrique et d'Asie,' held in October, 1977, under the auspices of the Association Française de Science Politique, Centre de Hautes Etudes sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes, and organized by Yves Schemeil. Thanks are due to E. Abrahamian, L. Beck, and E. Hooglund for comments on the 1977 paper. Some material from these papers was used in shorter articles in Iranian Studies, 1979, ‘The Midas Touch’ (where there are more details on Ayatollah Khomeini and the religious opposition) and in Race and Class, ‘Oil, Economic Policy, and Social Conflict in Iran,’ where there are more statistics and more details on land reform than in this essay. Editorial help on those essays from Ali Banuazizi and Eqbal Ahmad contributed to this one. Unless otherwise specified in the essay, the policies referred to in the essay were those followed before the 1978–79 events.;

Nikki R. Keddie Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles

• Introduction; Part 1 Religion and Politics; Chapter 1 Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism*Most of the research for this paper was done on a Social Science Research Council Fellowship for work on a book on the Iranian Revolution 1905–1911, in Iran, England, and the Soviet Union. Thanks go also to Iranian informants, Part icularly Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh; to Dr. Abdol Hosein Zarrinkub, who suggested a number of ideas; to the scholars in the U.S. who criticized an earlier draft of the paper; and to Professor Martin Dickson for his painstaking help. Responsibility for views expressed is, of course, the author's. (1979 addendum: much information that could not be footnoted came from the late Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh.); Chapter 2 The Origins of the Religious-Radical Alliance in Iran*This Chapter is a revised version of a paper delivered before the Iranian Students' Association Conference on Contemporary Iran, Harvard, 1965. Only a small amount of the documentation on which its conclusions are based can conveniently be mentioned in footnotes. Here there will be little mention of sources in Persian, Arabic, Russian and Turkish or of unpublished documents, which are used and cited extensively in my Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Prolest of 1891–92, and Sayyid Jamal ad-Din ‘al-Afghani’: A Political Biography.; Chapter 3 Popular Part icipation in the Persian Revolution of 1905–1911; Chapter 4 Religion and Society in Iran*Thanks are due to Mohsen Ashtiany, Mangol Bayat-Philipp, Carlo Caldarola, George Hourani, Maxime Rodinson, William Royce, and Peter von Sivers for their useful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.; Part 2 Socio-Economic Change; Chapter 5 The Economic History of Iran, 1800–1914, and its Political Impact; Chapter 6 Iran, 1797–1941; Chapter 7 Stratification, Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Villages; Chapter 8 Oil, Economic Policy, and Social Change in Iran*This is a revised version of a paper presented to the conference ‘Stratégies de Développement et Changements Sociaux dans les Pays Producteurs de Pétrole d’Afrique et d'Asie,' held in October, 1977, under the auspices of the Association Française de Science Politique, Centre de Hautes Etudes sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes, and organized by Yves Schemeil. Thanks are due to E. Abrahamian, L. Beck, and E. Hooglund for comments on the 1977 paper. Some material from these papers was used in shorter articles in Iranian Studies, 1979, ‘The Midas Touch’ (where there are more details on Ayatollah Khomeini and the religious opposition) and in Race and Class, ‘Oil, Economic Policy, and Social Conflict in Iran,’ where there are more statistics and more details on land reform than in this essay. Editorial help on those essays from Ali Banuazizi and Eqbal Ahmad contributed to this one. Unless otherwise specified in the essay, the policies referred to in the essay were those followed before the 1978–79 events.;