Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, Ph.D., is Professor of gender development and psychopathology at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht. She was a pre- and postgraduate student in developmental and clinical psychology at the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. She was trained to become a registered clinical psychologist and psychotherapist at the Utrecht Institute for Multidisciplinary Psychotherapy. After completing her Ph.D. thesis, she worked at the Department of Clinical Psychology of the Utrecht University. There, she conducted a study evaluating sex reassignment, promoted by the advice of a committee of the Health Council, the medical advisory board of the Ministry of Public Health. The outcome of this study would also be the groundwork for a new law allowing transsexuals to adjust their birth certificates. In 1987, she started the first outpatient clinic in Europe for children and adolescents with gender problems and intersex conditions. In September 2002, she will become Professor of Medical Psychology at the Free University Medical Center in Amsterdam. There, she will be the head of a gender clinic for children, adolescents, and adults. Her main areas of research are gender identity problems and gender-related psychopathology.Friedemann Pfafflin, M.D., Ph.D., is Professor of Psychotherapy and head of the Forensic Psychotherapy Unit at Ulm University, Germany. Trained as a psychiatrist at Hamburg University, he first engaged in transgender clinical work in the mid-1970s when he visited the Psychohormonal Research Unit and the Gender Identity Clinic at The Johns Hopkins University Clinic in Baltimore, Maryland. From 1978 to 1992, he worked at the Institute of Sex Research at Hamburg University, Germany, and continued the work with transsexuals after moving to Ulm University in 1992. His main areas of research are transsexualism, transgenderism, psychotherapy process research, forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, and history of psychiatry. From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Inc. Together with Eli Coleman, he founded The International Journal of Transgenderism in 1997.

• Series Editor′s Introduction - Alan E. KazdinPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of Abbreviations1. Typical Sexual DifferentiationGeneral TerminologySexual DifferentiationDevelopment of Gender Identity and Gender Role2. Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and AdolescenceBenefit of Historical and Cross-Cultural Data for Clinical PracticeCross-Cultural and Historical References (Adults)Cross-Cultural and Historical References (Children and Adolescents)3. Atypical Sexual DifferentiationIntroductionChromosomal/Gonadal ConditionsFemale PseudohermaphroditismMale PseudohermaphroditismOther Conditions4. Atypical Development of Gender Identity and Gender RoleSpecific TerminologyClinical PictureCorrespondence Between Childhood Gender Identity Disorder and TranssexualismPrevalence and Sex Ratio of GIDTheories About Atypical Gender Development5. Clinical Management of Intersex ConditionsImportance of Parent CounselingImportance of Child CounselingNeonatal ApproachInformation and SupportCriticism of Clinical Policy6. Clinical Management of Gender Problems in ChildrenIntroductionDiagnosisInterventions7. Clinical Management of Gender Problems in AdolescentsDiagnosisInterventionsEffects of Sex Reassignment8. Legal Issues of Intersexuality and TranssexualismLegal Sex Assignment of IntersexesLegal Implications of Transsexualism in AdultsLegal Issues of GID in Childhood and AdolescenceReferencesName IndexSubject IndexAbout the Authors

Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, Ph.D., is Professor of gender development and psychopathology at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht. She was a pre- and postgraduate student in developmental and clinical psychology at the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. She was trained to become a registered clinical psychologist and psychotherapist at the Utrecht Institute for Multidisciplinary Psychotherapy. After completing her Ph.D. thesis, she worked at the Department of Clinical Psychology of the Utrecht University. There, she conducted a study evaluating sex reassignment, promoted by the advice of a committee of the Health Council, the medical advisory board of the Ministry of Public Health. The outcome of this study would also be the groundwork for a new law allowing transsexuals to adjust their birth certificates. In 1987, she started the first outpatient clinic in Europe for children and adolescents with gender problems and intersex conditions. In September 2002, she will become Professor of Medical Psychology at the Free University Medical Center in Amsterdam. There, she will be the head of a gender clinic for children, adolescents, and adults. Her main areas of research are gender identity problems and gender-related psychopathology.Friedemann Pfafflin, M.D., Ph.D., is Professor of Psychotherapy and head of the Forensic Psychotherapy Unit at Ulm University, Germany. Trained as a psychiatrist at Hamburg University, he first engaged in transgender clinical work in the mid-1970s when he visited the Psychohormonal Research Unit and the Gender Identity Clinic at The Johns Hopkins University Clinic in Baltimore, Maryland. From 1978 to 1992, he worked at the Institute of Sex Research at Hamburg University, Germany, and continued the work with transsexuals after moving to Ulm University in 1992. His main areas of research are transsexualism, transgenderism, psychotherapy process research, forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, and history of psychiatry. From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Inc. Together with Eli Coleman, he founded The International Journal of Transgenderism in 1997.

• Series Editor′s Introduction - Alan E. KazdinPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of Abbreviations1. Typical Sexual DifferentiationGeneral TerminologySexual DifferentiationDevelopment of Gender Identity and Gender Role2. Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and AdolescenceBenefit of Historical and Cross-Cultural Data for Clinical PracticeCross-Cultural and Historical References (Adults)Cross-Cultural and Historical References (Children and Adolescents)3. Atypical Sexual DifferentiationIntroductionChromosomal/Gonadal ConditionsFemale PseudohermaphroditismMale PseudohermaphroditismOther Conditions4. Atypical Development of Gender Identity and Gender RoleSpecific TerminologyClinical PictureCorrespondence Between Childhood Gender Identity Disorder and TranssexualismPrevalence and Sex Ratio of GIDTheories About Atypical Gender Development5. Clinical Management of Intersex ConditionsImportance of Parent CounselingImportance of Child CounselingNeonatal ApproachInformation and SupportCriticism of Clinical Policy6. Clinical Management of Gender Problems in ChildrenIntroductionDiagnosisInterventions7. Clinical Management of Gender Problems in AdolescentsDiagnosisInterventionsEffects of Sex Reassignment8. Legal Issues of Intersexuality and TranssexualismLegal Sex Assignment of IntersexesLegal Implications of Transsexualism in AdultsLegal Issues of GID in Childhood and AdolescenceReferencesName IndexSubject IndexAbout the Authors

Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, Ph.D., is Professor of gender development and psychopathology at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht. She was a pre- and postgraduate student in developmental and clinical psychology at the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. She was trained to become a registered clinical psychologist and psychotherapist at the Utrecht Institute for Multidisciplinary Psychotherapy. After completing her Ph.D. thesis, she worked at the Department of Clinical Psychology of the Utrecht University. There, she conducted a study evaluating sex reassignment, promoted by the advice of a committee of the Health Council, the medical advisory board of the Ministry of Public Health. The outcome of this study would also be the groundwork for a new law allowing transsexuals to adjust their birth certificates. In 1987, she started the first outpatient clinic in Europe for children and adolescents with gender problems and intersex conditions. In September 2002, she will become Professor of Medical Psychology at the Free University Medical Center in Amsterdam. There, she will be the head of a gender clinic for children, adolescents, and adults. Her main areas of research are gender identity problems and gender-related psychopathology.Friedemann Pfafflin, M.D., Ph.D., is Professor of Psychotherapy and head of the Forensic Psychotherapy Unit at Ulm University, Germany. Trained as a psychiatrist at Hamburg University, he first engaged in transgender clinical work in the mid-1970s when he visited the Psychohormonal Research Unit and the Gender Identity Clinic at The Johns Hopkins University Clinic in Baltimore, Maryland. From 1978 to 1992, he worked at the Institute of Sex Research at Hamburg University, Germany, and continued the work with transsexuals after moving to Ulm University in 1992. His main areas of research are transsexualism, transgenderism, psychotherapy process research, forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, and history of psychiatry. From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Inc. Together with Eli Coleman, he founded The International Journal of Transgenderism in 1997.

• Series Editor′s Introduction - Alan E. KazdinPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of Abbreviations1. Typical Sexual DifferentiationGeneral TerminologySexual DifferentiationDevelopment of Gender Identity and Gender Role2. Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and AdolescenceBenefit of Historical and Cross-Cultural Data for Clinical PracticeCross-Cultural and Historical References (Adults)Cross-Cultural and Historical References (Children and Adolescents)3. Atypical Sexual DifferentiationIntroductionChromosomal/Gonadal ConditionsFemale PseudohermaphroditismMale PseudohermaphroditismOther Conditions4. Atypical Development of Gender Identity and Gender RoleSpecific TerminologyClinical PictureCorrespondence Between Childhood Gender Identity Disorder and TranssexualismPrevalence and Sex Ratio of GIDTheories About Atypical Gender Development5. Clinical Management of Intersex ConditionsImportance of Parent CounselingImportance of Child CounselingNeonatal ApproachInformation and SupportCriticism of Clinical Policy6. Clinical Management of Gender Problems in ChildrenIntroductionDiagnosisInterventions7. Clinical Management of Gender Problems in AdolescentsDiagnosisInterventionsEffects of Sex Reassignment8. Legal Issues of Intersexuality and TranssexualismLegal Sex Assignment of IntersexesLegal Implications of Transsexualism in AdultsLegal Issues of GID in Childhood and AdolescenceReferencesName IndexSubject IndexAbout the Authors