Correctional Mental Health Handbook

Thomas J. Fagan, Ph.D., is currently an Associate Professor of Psychology and the Director of the Division of Social and Behavioral Science at Nova Southeastern University in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. For 23 years he was a psychology practitioner and administrator with the Federal Bureau of Prisons where he was an active participant in developing correctional mental health programs, creating mental health policies and procedures, and training professional, paraprofessional, and correctional staff. Dr. Fagan was also the Bureau’s Chief hostage negotiator and coordinator of its crisis negotiation training program. Over the years, he has served as a consultant to numerous federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in the areas of crisis negotiation, critical incident stress debriefing, and management of correctional mental health services and programs. Dr. Fagan has published regularly in correctional and psychological journals, has authored several book chapters, and co-edited two books with Robert K. Ax, Ph.D. -Correctional Mental Health Handbook (2003) and Corrections, Mental Health, and Social Policy: International Perspectives (2007). He also published a book on crisis negotiation in correctional settings - Negotiating Correctional Incidents: A Practical Guide (2003). Since 1997, Dr. Fagan has served as the American Psychological Association (APA)’s representative on the Board of Directors of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC) – a national organization dedicated to insuring quality health and mental health care to incarcerated individuals. He served as NCCHC’s Board Chair from 2002 - 2003. He is a Fellow in APA’s Divisions 12 and 18. Division 18 recognized his work in correctional mental health with a special achievement award in 1993 and he received APA’s Award for Distinguished Contributions to Practice in the Public Sector in 2006. He received is Bachelor’s degree from Rutgers University and his Master’s and Doctoral Degrees from Virginia Tech.Robert K. Ax, Ph.D., received his doctorate in clinical psychology from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and practiced in state and federal corrections for more than 20 years. He is a licensed clinical psychologist (Virginia), a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), a member of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), and a former President of the APA Division of Psychologists in Public Service (18). He has twice been the recipient of Division 18’s Distinguished Service Award, and in 2009 received its highest honor, the Harold Hildreth Award. He was the training director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ first APA-accredited internship program at the Federal Correctional Institution, Petersburg, Virginia. Dr. Ax is the co-editor, with Dr. Thomas J. Fagan, of two previous volumes, the Correctional Mental Health Handbook, published by Sage in 2003, and Corrections, Mental Health and Social Policy: International Perspectives (Charles C Thomas, 2007). He has published articles on mental health training and correctional issues, currently serves on the editorial board of the journal Criminal Justice and Behavior, and has served as an invited reviewer for other journals, including American Psychologist, Psychological Services, and Professional Psychology: Research and Practice.Dr. Ax has published several articles on organized psychology’s prescriptive authority initiative as well. He delivered an invited address on this issue at the annual CPA convention in 2008, and served as a content expert (1998-1999) for the development of the APA College of Professional Psychology’s Psychopharmacology Examination for Psychologists. Dr. Ax received the American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy’s (APA’s Division 55) National Leadership Award in 2006.

"Correctional Mental Health Handbook, edited by Thomas J. Fagan and Robert K. Ax, is full of information for hands-on management as well as information for policy decisions... Within this excellent text, each chapter, which is written by seasoned mental health professionals, provides information useful to corrections professionals as well as students of criminal justice."

• IntroductionChapter 1 - Mental Health in Corrections: A Model for Service Delivery - Thomas J. FaganThe Mentally Disordered in Prisons and Jails: A Historical PerspectiveMetal Illness in Prisons and Jails: Current StatusMental Health Services in Prisons and Jails: A Conceptual ModelLevel One ServicesLevel Two ServicesLevel Three ServicesConclusionsChapter 2 - Correctional Mental Health Professionals - Phil Magaletta and Jennifer BoothbyIntroductionThe Correctional Mental Health ProfessionsGeneral Professional ConsiderationsPsychiatristsPsychologistsSocial WorkersOther Mental Health ProfessionalsTreatment TeamsParaprofessionalsMental Health Professionals - Common Correctional ChallengesThe Challenge of Limited KnowledgeThe Challenge of Limited ResourcesThe Challenge of Patience in an Action-Oriented EnvironmentThe Challenge of the Joint MissionSelf-Care for Mental Health ProfessionalsChapter 3 - Correctional Mental Health Ethics Revisited - John DignamThe Correctional ContextTreatment vs. Security: A False DichotomyWho is the Client?Who is the Provider?Ethical IssuesPrivacy and ConfidentialityDual or Multiple RelationshipsClarification of RoleBoundaries of Competence and Maintaining Expertise Summary and Conclusion Chapter 4- Basic Mental Health Services: Services and Issues - Robert MorganTypical Mental Health Problems Exhibited By OffendersBasic Mental Health ServicesAssessmentAcute Crisis InterventionTherapeutic ServicesSpecial Mental Health EvaluationsMental Health RecordsLiability Issues and Basic Mental Health ServicesConclusionChapter 5 - Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in Prisons and Jails - Roger Peters and Charlie MatthewsCurrent Issues Related to Drug Offenders in Prisons and JailsPolicy Trends Affecting the Incarceration of Substance-Involved OffendersThe Need for Correctional TreatmentHistory and Scope of Correctional Treatment ServicesStandards for Substance Abuse Treatment Services in Prisons and JailsLegal StandardsProfessional StandardsCorrectional Substance Abuse Treatment ProgramsFederal Bureau of PrisonsFlorida Department of CorrectionsOregon Department of CorrectionsCorrectional Treatment Outcome ResearchTreatment Approaches for Special PopulationsCo-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Abuse DisordersTreatment of Female InmatesFuture Directions and Trends in Correctional Substance Abuse TreatmentLinking Correctional and Community TreatmentExpanding Treatment Alternatives to IncarcerationNew Directions in Correctional Treatment ResearchChapter 6 - Managing and Treating Mentally Disordered Offenders in Jails and Prisons - Shelia HoltonCurrent Issues, Problems, and TrendsMental Illness: Movement from Hospitals to Prisons and JailsObstacles to Effective Treatment in Prisons and JailsSerious Mental Health Disorders Found In Prisons and Jails: Management and Treatment IssuesPsychotic DisordersMood DisordersBorderline Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder and PsychopathySubstance Abuse DisordersBest PracticesMental Health Treatment UnitsMobile Assessment TeamsSuicide Prevention and InterventionsTelehealthFuture Trends in the Treatment of the Mentally Ill in CorrectionsChapter 7 - Management and Treatment of Female Offenders - Lane WagamanFemale Offenders: A Brief Historical OverviewCharacteristics of Female OffendersDemographic DataResponses to IncarcerationSpecial Management, Treatment and Program ConsiderationsUtilization of Health and Mental Health ServicesObstetric and Gynecological NeedsDietary and Nutritional NeedsSleep DisturbancePain and Pain ManagementAlcohol and Other Substance Abuse Treatment NeedsTrauma and AbuseFamily Relationship and Parenting IssuesMental Health ServicesConclusionsChapter 8 - Treating and Managing Sexual Offenders and Predators - Andrea Boardman and Dave DeMatteoIntroductionLegislative TrendsSexually Violent Predator LawsSex Offender Registration and Notification LawsInternet Child PornographySexual Offenders in Prisons and Jails: Clinical DescriptionRapistsChild MolestersOffender Typologies: A Cautionary NoteOther Sexual ActsSexual Offenders in Prisons and Jails: Management ConsiderationsSexual Assault in PrisonSexual Offender Treatment ProgramsSex Offender Treatment Outcome StudiesBest PracticesFuture DirectionsChapter 9 - Identifying Juvenile Offenders with Mental Health Disorders - Lisa BoeskyIntroductionIdentification of Juveniles with Mental Health DisordersSelf-Report InformationFamily HistoryScreening and Assessment InstrumentsImproving the Accuracy of Self-Reported InformationCollateral Sources of InformationObservationBehavior or Symptom ChecklistsCommon Mental Disorders Found Among Juvenile OffendersOppositional Defiant DisorderAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Conduct DisorderMajor DepressionDysthymic DisorderBipolar DisorderSuicidal BehaviorMental RetardationLearning DisordersPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Self-InjuryPsychotic DisordersCo-MorbidityCo-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use DisordersCultural IssuesConclusionsChapter 10 - Other Special Offender Populations - Linda RichardsonIntroductionMilitary OffendersForeign-Born OffendersElderly OffendersTerminally Ill OffendersHIV Infected/AIDS OffendersOffenders with Mental RetardationConclusionsChapter 11 - Staff Services and Programs - Rich EllisEmployee Assistance Programs: Intervention ModelsStress and Employee Mental Health in the Correctional EnvironmentIn-House ModelMixed ModelThe Independent ModelOther EAP ConsiderationsWorkplace Violence: From the Individual to the InstitutionActual Examples of Correctional Workplace ViolenceResponses to Workplace Violence ExamplesOther Examples of Workplace ViolenceInterventions for Workplace Violence: Defusing and DebriefingDebriefing: What to do when the workplace goes wrongThe Debriefing ProcessDebriefing Procedures and StatesThe Defusing ProcessConclusionsChapter 12 - Staff Training: Multiple Roles for Mental Health Professionals - Kathy HarowskiOverviewCorrectional Trends and their Training ImplicationsRapid Growth in the Correctional PopulationDiversity in Both Offenders and the WorkforceChanging TechnologyTraining Roles for Mental Health ProfessionalsTrainer and Audience IssuesDeveloping Mental Health ParaprofessionalsTraining in Particular Skill AreasTrauma Inoculation/Individual Factors in Coping with StressTraining the Next Generation of Correctional Mental Health ProfessionalsChapter 13 - Mental Health Professionals as Institutional Consultants and Problem-Solvers - Joel Dvoskin, Erin M. Spiers, and Stephen PittsIntroductionAssessing Institutional ClimateConsultation Within The InstitutionClassificationCase Management/Unit TeamsDetail/work supervisorsDisciplinary ProceedingsConflict ResolutionStaff Screening and SelectionProgram Development and EvaluationCrisis: Prevention and ResponseTrainingConsultationPost-Incident ResponseMental Health Professionals as Correctional AdministratorsConclusionChapter 14 - Research-based Practice in Corrections: A Selective Review - Carl Clements and Alix McLearenIntroductionResearch FrameworksThe Person-centered Perspective: Offender Characteristics The Situation-centered Perspective: Policies and ProgramsThe Interactionist Perspective: Tailored, Selected InterventionsResearch in Offender Assessment and ClassificationRisk AssessmentAssessment for TreatmentTreatment Outcomes ResearchMeta-analysis and Correctional OutcomesThe Role of TheoryOther Evidence of Effective ProgramsResearch on Special Populations and IssuesPsychopathic Traits as a Special Risk/Needs FactorMalingering: Detection and ResponseEthical Issues in Correctional ResearchConstraints, Recommendations, and Future Issues to ConsiderExtending Professional CapacityMental Health Professionals as ManagersCommitment to Correctional ResearchImplementing Best Practices and Maintaining Therapeutic IntegrityResearch with Female OffendersResearch in Jail SettingsConclusionChapter 15 - A Viable Future for Correctional Mental Health Care - Robert K. AxIntroductionFraming the FuturePublic HealthCitizens as ConsumersGlobalization: American Correctional Mental Health in a Connected WorldBuilding a Viable Future: Changes in Health Care DeliveryTechnologyPsychotropic medicationProgramming, Assessment and Provider IssuesStaff IssuesRole Transformations: Toward a biopsychosocial scope of practice and self-conceptConclusionAbout the Authors