Understanding Power Quality Problems

Math H. J. Bollen is associate professor in the Department of Electric Power Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Before joining Chalmers, he was employed as a lecturer at the University of Manchester Institute of Technology (UMIST), Manchester, UK and at Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. In 1998 Dr. Bollen received the ABB Energy Prize (Gunnar Engström Stipendiet) for his work on power quality and his contributions toward understanding voltage sags. He is cochair of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Power System Reliability Subcommittee and is active in a number of other working groups on power quality and reliability.

• PREFACE xiiiFTP SITE INFORMATION xvACKNOWLEDGMENTS xviiCHAPTER 1 Overview of Power Quality and Power Quality Standards 11.1 Interest in Power Quality 21.2 Power Quality, Voltage Quality 41.3 Overview of Power Quality Phenomena 61.4 Power Quality and EMC Standards 22CHAPTER 2 Long Interruptions and Reliability Evaluation 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Observation of System Performance 372.3 Standards and Regulations 482.4 Overview of Reliability Evaluation 502.5 Basic Reliability Evaluation Techniques 622.6 Costs of Interruptions 1012.7 Comparison of Observation and Reliability Evaluation 1062.8 Example Calculations 107CHAPTER 3 Short Interruptions 1153.1 Introduction 1153.2 Terminology 1153.3 Origin of Short Interruptions 1163.4 Monitoring of Short Interruptions 1213.5 Influence on Equipment 1253.6 Single-Phase Tripping 1273.7 Stochastic Prediction of Short Interruptions 136CHAPTER 4 Voltage Sags—Characterization 1394.1 Introduction 1394.2 Voltage Sag Magnitude 1404.3 Voltage Sag Duration 1684.4 Three-Phase Unbalance 1744.5 Phase-Angle Jumps 1984.6 Magnitude and Phase-Angle Jumps for Three-Phase Unbalanced Sags 2064.7 Other Characteristics of Voltage Sags 2314.8 Load Influence on Voltage Sags 2384.9 Sags due to Starting of Induction Motors 248CHAPTER 5 Voltage Sags—Equipment Behavior 2535.1 Introduction 2535.2 Computers and Consumer Electronics 2565.3 Adjustable-Speed AC Drives 2655.4 Adjustable-Speed DC Drives 3005.5 Other Sensitive Load 318CHAPTER 6 Voltage Sags—Stochastic Assessment 3256.1 Compatibility between Equipment and Supply 3256.2 Presentation of Results: Voltage Sag Coordination Chart 3286.3 Power Quality Monitoring 3426.4 The Method of Fault Positions 3596.5 The Method of Critical Distances 373CHAPTER 7 Mitigation of Interruptions and Voltage Sags 3897.1 Overview of Mitigation Methods 3897.2 Power System Design—Redundancy Through Switching 3977.3 Power System Design—Redundancy through Parallel Operation 4057.4 The System-Equipment Interface 419CHAPTER 8 Summary and Conclusions 4538.1 Power Quality 4538.2 Standardization 4558.3 Interruptions 4568.4 Reliability 4578.5 Characteristics of Voltage Sags 4588.6 Equipment Behavior due to Voltage Sags 4598.7 Stochastic Assessment of Voltage Sags 4608.8 Mitigation Methods 4628.9 Final Remarks 462BIBLIOGRAPHY 465APPENDIX A Overview of EMC Standards 477APPENDIX B IEEE Standards on Power Quality 481APPENDIX C Power Quality Definitions and Terminology 485APPENDIX D List of Figures 507APPENDIX E List of Tables 525INDEX 529ABOUT THE AUTHOR 543