Free Trade and Social Conflict in Colombia, Peru and Venezuela

René De La Pedraja, PhD, University of Chicago, has researched and written numerous publications. He is a professor of history at Canisius College in Buffalo, New York.

• Table of ContentsPreface1. Venezuela: From the Fourth Republic to Hugo ChávezThe Failure of the Fourth RepublicPDVSA: A State Within a StateThe Emergence of Hugo Chávez2. Peru: The Return of DictatorshipThe Partnership with Vladimiro MontesinosThe Alberto Fujimori DictatorshipThe First Reelection3. The United States and the Crisis in PeruThe Second Reelection of Alberto FujimoriThe Last Battle of Vladimiro MontesinosThe UnravelingThe Transition4. Initial Attempts at TransformationVenezuela: New Constitution and Task ForcesPeru: The Start of the Alejandro Toledo PresidencyDecentralization in Peru Under Alejandro Toledo5. Venezuela: The Coup of April 2002The 49 Decree LawsThe Coup Attempt of 11 April 2002Peter the Brief6. Two Decisive Turns in 2002Colombia: The Rise of Álvaro Uribe VélezPeru: From the Arequipazo to the Andahuaylas Revolt7. Venezuela: The Second Attempt to Overthrow ChávezMissed OpportunityThe Petroleum Strike: December 2002–February 20038. Colombia: The Álvaro Uribe Vélez PresidencyThe War Against GuerrillasThe Challenge to the Political ClassThe Problem of the Paramilitaries9. Venezuela: The Best Years of the Chávez PresidencyThe Third Effort to Oust Chávez: The Recall Election of 2004The Opposition in DisarrayAttempts to Transform Venezuela10. Peru: Ups and Downs of the Alejandro Toledo PresidencyReaching for the SkyThe Agony of the Alejandro Toledo Presidency11. Blows Against the LeftColombia: The Reelection of Álvaro Uribe VélezThe 2006 Presidential Campaign in Peru12. Venezuela and Peru: From Success to SetbackThe Bolivarian Revolution: From Euphoria to RepudiationPeru: From Honeymoon to Social Conflict13. Peru: The ­Self-Destruction of the Alán García PresidencyNew Outbreaks of ViolenceThe Scandal of the Petro AudiosThe Final Blow: The Bagua Massacre14. The Bolivarian Revolution on the Offensive, 2008–2011PSUV, Nationalizations and Elections2009: The Decisive YearThe Struggle to Safeguard SocietyFood Scarcity and AgricultureThe End of the Offensive15. The Álvaro Uribe Presidency in DistressThe Twilight of the Uribe PresidencyThree ScandalsThe Third Term and the Presidential Election of 201016. Peru: The Nationalist ReactionThe Presidential Campaign of 2011Ollanta Humala: Defining the PresidencyThe Ongoing Struggle Over the Conga Mining Project17. Transitions in Venezuela and ColombiaThe Agony of the Hugo Chávez PresidencyCourse Corrections in Colombia18. The Closing of a PeriodColombia: The Struggle for PeacePeru: Trapped in ConflictsVenezuela: The Bolivarian Revolution on the DefensiveChapter NotesAnnotated BibliographyIndex