'Environmental improvement of products and services during the entire life cycle is an important challenge and and in the future. Danish experience shows that large improvement potentials can be identified when focusing on environmental aspects during the development of new products. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency supports the EDIP methods and tools as a very useful instrument for this purpose and encourages the use of them, both within companies and as a basis for dialogue between companies, environmental authorities and other stakeholders.' Leo Larsen, Deputy Director-General, Danish Environmental Protection Agency 'The EDIP books have been used with success in three courses at the Norwegian Institute of Sciences and Technology in Trondheim in 1996/97. First of all, the good structure of the text, both in theory and case studies, has proved to be well suited to teach LCA-application to product design. Second, the books may be used separately according to the need of individual course modules. We strongly recommend the use of the EDIP books for teaching purposes.' Helge Brattebo, Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 'Grundfos's certified and EMAS-registered environmental management system also covers our R&D. To ensure that all new products are as environmentally friendly as possible, all products are subjected to a Life Cycle Assessment in accordance with the EDIP method. In the charting of our em,issions, the EDIP concept also exerted a decisive influence on our construction of an efficient and flexible calculation system which is easy to update and to extend in step with developments in production.' Niels Due Jensen, Group Leader and President, Grundfos - Leaders in Pump Technology

• I. Introduction to Environmental Assessment of Products.- 1 The state of the environment.- 2 Society’s environmental focus.- 3 Environmental assessment of products - what does it say?.- 4 Status of life cycle assessment.- 5 Environmental assessment and product development.- II. The Life Cycle Assessment Method.- 6 The structure of the LCA method.- 7 Goal definition.- 8 Scope definition.- 9 Inventory.- 10 Impact assessment.- 11 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.- 12 The MECO principle.- 13 Choices in the EDIP method.- III. Environmental Tasks in Product Development.- 14 Cooperation with the designer.- 15 Environmental assessment of references.- 16 Environmental diagnosis.- 17 Environmental specification.- 18 Environmental assessment of concepts.- 19 Environmental assessment of details.- IV. The Toolbox.- 20 Procedure for goal definition.- 21 Procedure for scope definition.- 22 Procedure for inventory.- 23 Procedure for impact assessment.- 24 Procedure for sensitivity analysis.- V. Case Histories.- 25 Introduction to the case histories.- 26 Gram: Refrigerators.- 27 Bang & Olufsen: Televisions.- 28 KEW Industri: High pressure cleaners.- 29 Grundfos: Pumps.- 30 Danfoss: Electro-hydraulic activation units.- References.- Variables and parameters.- Abbreviations.- Units.

'Environmental improvement of products and services during the entire life cycle is an important challenge and and in the future. Danish experience shows that large improvement potentials can be identified when focusing on environmental aspects during the development of new products. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency supports the EDIP methods and tools as a very useful instrument for this purpose and encourages the use of them, both within companies and as a basis for dialogue between companies, environmental authorities and other stakeholders.' Leo Larsen, Deputy Director-General, Danish Environmental Protection Agency 'The EDIP books have been used with success in three courses at the Norwegian Institute of Sciences and Technology in Trondheim in 1996/97. First of all, the good structure of the text, both in theory and case studies, has proved to be well suited to teach LCA-application to product design. Second, the books may be used separately according to the need of individual course modules. We strongly recommend the use of the EDIP books for teaching purposes.' Helge Brattebo, Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 'Grundfos's certified and EMAS-registered environmental management system also covers our R&D. To ensure that all new products are as environmentally friendly as possible, all products are subjected to a Life Cycle Assessment in accordance with the EDIP method. In the charting of our em,issions, the EDIP concept also exerted a decisive influence on our construction of an efficient and flexible calculation system which is easy to update and to extend in step with developments in production.' Niels Due Jensen, Group Leader and President, Grundfos - Leaders in Pump Technology

• I. Introduction to Environmental Assessment of Products.- 1 The state of the environment.- 2 Society’s environmental focus.- 3 Environmental assessment of products - what does it say?.- 4 Status of life cycle assessment.- 5 Environmental assessment and product development.- II. The Life Cycle Assessment Method.- 6 The structure of the LCA method.- 7 Goal definition.- 8 Scope definition.- 9 Inventory.- 10 Impact assessment.- 11 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.- 12 The MECO principle.- 13 Choices in the EDIP method.- III. Environmental Tasks in Product Development.- 14 Cooperation with the designer.- 15 Environmental assessment of references.- 16 Environmental diagnosis.- 17 Environmental specification.- 18 Environmental assessment of concepts.- 19 Environmental assessment of details.- IV. The Toolbox.- 20 Procedure for goal definition.- 21 Procedure for scope definition.- 22 Procedure for inventory.- 23 Procedure for impact assessment.- 24 Procedure for sensitivity analysis.- V. Case Histories.- 25 Introduction to the case histories.- 26 Gram: Refrigerators.- 27 Bang & Olufsen: Televisions.- 28 KEW Industri: High pressure cleaners.- 29 Grundfos: Pumps.- 30 Danfoss: Electro-hydraulic activation units.- References.- Variables and parameters.- Abbreviations.- Units.

'Environmental improvement of products and services during the entire life cycle is an important challenge and and in the future. Danish experience shows that large improvement potentials can be identified when focusing on environmental aspects during the development of new products. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency supports the EDIP methods and tools as a very useful instrument for this purpose and encourages the use of them, both within companies and as a basis for dialogue between companies, environmental authorities and other stakeholders.' Leo Larsen, Deputy Director-General, Danish Environmental Protection Agency 'The EDIP books have been used with success in three courses at the Norwegian Institute of Sciences and Technology in Trondheim in 1996/97. First of all, the good structure of the text, both in theory and case studies, has proved to be well suited to teach LCA-application to product design. Second, the books may be used separately according to the need of individual course modules. We strongly recommend the use of the EDIP books for teaching purposes.' Helge Brattebo, Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 'Grundfos's certified and EMAS-registered environmental management system also covers our R&D. To ensure that all new products are as environmentally friendly as possible, all products are subjected to a Life Cycle Assessment in accordance with the EDIP method. In the charting of our em,issions, the EDIP concept also exerted a decisive influence on our construction of an efficient and flexible calculation system which is easy to update and to extend in step with developments in production.' Niels Due Jensen, Group Leader and President, Grundfos - Leaders in Pump Technology

• I. Introduction to Environmental Assessment of Products.- 1 The state of the environment.- 2 Society’s environmental focus.- 3 Environmental assessment of products - what does it say?.- 4 Status of life cycle assessment.- 5 Environmental assessment and product development.- II. The Life Cycle Assessment Method.- 6 The structure of the LCA method.- 7 Goal definition.- 8 Scope definition.- 9 Inventory.- 10 Impact assessment.- 11 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.- 12 The MECO principle.- 13 Choices in the EDIP method.- III. Environmental Tasks in Product Development.- 14 Cooperation with the designer.- 15 Environmental assessment of references.- 16 Environmental diagnosis.- 17 Environmental specification.- 18 Environmental assessment of concepts.- 19 Environmental assessment of details.- IV. The Toolbox.- 20 Procedure for goal definition.- 21 Procedure for scope definition.- 22 Procedure for inventory.- 23 Procedure for impact assessment.- 24 Procedure for sensitivity analysis.- V. Case Histories.- 25 Introduction to the case histories.- 26 Gram: Refrigerators.- 27 Bang & Olufsen: Televisions.- 28 KEW Industri: High pressure cleaners.- 29 Grundfos: Pumps.- 30 Danfoss: Electro-hydraulic activation units.- References.- Variables and parameters.- Abbreviations.- Units.