Practical Flatfish Culture and Stock Enhancement

Harry V. Daniels is Professor of Biology and Aquaculture Specialist at North Carolina State University.Wade O. Watanabe is Research Professor of Biology and Marine Biology and Aquaculture Program Coordinator at the Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington.

"In summary, the book is timely, well organized, clearly written, full of state-of-the-art information, and effectively links flatfish culture and stock enhancement. Thus, it should be a valuable resource for academics and industrial practitioners alike." (Reviews in Fisheries Science, 22 June 2011)

• Contributors xUSAS Preface xvPreface xviiHarry V. Daniels and Wade O. WatanabeAcknowledgments xixSection 1: North and South America Culture1 Halibut aquaculture in North America 3Nick Brown1.1 Life history and biology 31.2 Broodstock 51.3 Biosecurity 51.4 Photothermal conditioning 71.5 Monitoring gonad development 71.6 Larval culture 111.7 Potential for stock enhancement 171.8 Growout 171.9 Production economics 211.10 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 222 Culture of Chilean flounder 30Alfonso Silva2.1 Life history and biology 302.2 Broodstock husbandry 342.3 Larval culture 382.4 Weaning and nursery culture and grow out 402.5 Growout 412.6 Needs for future research 433 California halibut 46Douglas E. Conklin and Raul Piedrahita3.1 Broodstock culture 473.2 Spawning 483.3 Larval rearing 503.4 Juvenile culture 533.5 Density 563.6 Commercial trials 574 Culture of summer flounder 65David Bengtson and George Nardi4.1 Life history and biology 654.2 Broodstock husbandry 674.3 Larval culture 684.4 Nursery culture and growout 734.5 Summary 765 Culture of southern flounder 82Harry Daniels, Wade O. Watanabe, Ryan Murashige, Thomas Losordo, and Christopher Dumas5.1 Life history and biology 825.2 Broodstock husbandry 835.3 Larviculture 885.4 Growout 895.5 Diseases 955.6 Marketing 955.7 Hatchery economics 965.8 Production economics 965.9 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 985.10 Conclusions 986 Culture of winter flounder 101Elizabeth A. Fairchild6.1 Life history and biology 1016.2 Broodstock husbandry 1026.3 Larval culture 1086.4 Nursery culture and growout 1126.5 Growout 1166.6 Summary 116Section 2: Europe Culture7 Turbot culture 125Jeannine Person-Le Ruyet7.1 Life history and biology 1257.2 Broodstock husbandry 1267.3 Hatchery culture 1287.4 Nursery culture and transition to growout 1327.5 Growout 1337.6 Harvesting, processing, and marketing 1357.7 Production economics 1367.8 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 137Section 3: Asia and Australia Culture8 Culture of Japanese flounder 143Tadahisa Seikai, Kotaro Kikuchi, and Yuichiro Fujinami8.1 Aquaculture production 1439 Culture of olive flounder: Korean perspective 156Sungchul C. Bai and Seunghyung Lee9.1 Current status of olive flounder in Korea 1569.2 Basic biology and ecology 1579.3 Nutrition and feeding 1629.4 Future issues and needs for development 16610 Culture of greenback flounder 169Piers R. Hart10.1 Life history and biology 16910.2 Broodstock husbandry 17010.3 System design and requirements 17010.4 Photothermal conditioning 17010.5 Monitoring gonad development 17010.6 Diet and nutrition 17110.7 Controlled spawning 17110.8 Collection of eggs and egg incubation 17210.9 Larval culture 17410.10 Hatchery protocols 17410.11 Water quality 17510.12 Food and feeding 17710.13 Formulated feeds 17710.14 Hatchery economics 17810.15 Genetics for culture versus enhancement 17810.16 Nursery culture and growout 17910.17 Environmental conditions 17910.18 Diet and nutrition 18010.19 Health issues 18010.20 Stocking and splitting 18110.21 Marketing 18110.22 Production economics 18210.23 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 18211 Culture of turbot: Chinese perspective 185Ji-Lin Lei and Xin-Fu Liu11.1 Introduction 18511.2 Broodstock husbandry 18511.3 Larval culture 19011.4 Nursery culture and growout 19311.5 Growout 19611.6 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 200Section 4: North and South America Stock Enhancement12 Stock enhancement of southern and summer flounder 205John M. Miller, Robert Vega, and Yoh Yamashita12.1 Introduction 20512.2 Previous work 20612.3 Rationale for stocking 20612.4 Likelihood stocking would increase production 20712.5 Management changes to support stocking efforts 20912.6 Potential risks and rewards of stocking 20912.7 Issues that need resolution before stocking is implemented 21012.8 Hatchery and stocking protocols to increase success 21012.9 Socioeconomic aspects 21112.10 Who should pay? 21212.11 Conclusion 212Section 5: Europe Stock Enhancement13 Stock enhancement Europe: turbot Psetta maxima 219Josianne G. Støttrup and C. R. Sparrevohn13.1 Introduction 21913.2 Turbot production 22013.3 Turbot stocking 22113.4 Rationale for turbot stocking 22113.5 Origin of fish for stocking 22413.6 Marking and tagging techniques 22413.7 Release procedures 22513.8 Choice of release site/habitat 22613.9 Release strategy and magnitude of release 22713.10 Postrelease mortality and conditioning 22813.11 Cost–benefit of the releases 23213.12 Perspectives 23213.13 Acknowledgments 233Section 6: Asia Stock Enhancement14 Stock enhancement of Japanese flounder in Japan 239Yoh Yamashita and Masato Aritaki14.1 Background 23914.2 Summary of catch and stock enhancement data for Japanese flounder 24014.3 Release strategy 24114.4 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the stock enhancement 24814.5 Future perspectives 25114.6 Acknowledgments 251Section 7: Flatfish Worldwide15 Disease diagnosis and treatment 259Edward J. Noga, Stephen A. Smith, and Oddvar H. Ottesen15.1 General signs of disease 25915.2 Viral diseases 26015.3 Bacterial diseases 26515.4 Parasitic and other eukaryotic diseases 26815.5 Noninfectious diseases 27215.6 Health management in flatfish aquaculture 27816 Flatfish as model research animals: metamorphosis and sex determination 286Russell J. Borski, John Adam Luckenbach, and John Godwin16.1 Metamorphosis 28716.2 Sex determination 29316.3 Conclusion and future research directions 29816.4 Acknowledgments 29917 Behavioral quality of flatfish for stock enhancement 303John Selden Burke and Reji Masuda17.1 Behavioral quality and the hatchery environment 30417.2 Tactics for reducing the impact of behavioral deficits 30717.3 Life history considerations 30817.4 Environmental enrichment 30817.5 Nutritional factors and foraging 31217.6 Predator avoidance 31317.7 Behavioral indicators 31617.8 Conclusion and recommendations 31718 Summary and conclusions 323Wade O. Watanabe and Harry Daniels18.1 Life history and biology 32318.2 Broodstock husbandry 32518.3 Monitoring gonad development 32918.4 Larval culture 33118.5 Water quality 33218.6 Nursery culture 34018.7 Growout 34318.8 Harvesting, processing, and marketing 35018.9 Industry status 35318.10 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 354Index 358