Samir Kumar Khanal, PhD, P.E. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawaii-Manoa.

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• Contributors, xiPreface, xiii1 Overview of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 1Samir Kumar Khanal1.1 Anaerobic Biotechnology and Bioenergy Recovery, 11.2 Historical Development, 31.3 Importance of Anaerobic Biotechnology in Overall Waste Treatment, 51.4 Definition and Principle of Anaerobic Processes, 61.5 Important Considerations in Anaerobic Biotechnology, 81.6 Merits of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 151.7 Limitations of Anaerobic Process, 22References, 252 Microbiology and Biochemistry of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 29Samir Kumar Khanal2.1 Background, 292.2 Organics Conversion in Anaerobic Systems, 292.3 Process Microbiology, 32References, 413 Environmental Factors, 43Samir Kumar Khanal3.1 Background, 433.2 Temperature, 433.3 Operating pH and Alkalinity, 473.4 Nutrients, 553.5 Toxic Materials, 563.6 Redox Potential or Oxidation–Reduction Potential, 59References, 614 Kinetics and Modeling in Anaerobic Processes, 65Keshab Raj Sharma4.1 Background, 654.2 Basic Elements, 664.3 Stepwise Approach to Modeling, 694.4 Modeling of pH Change, 794.5 Modeling of Energy Generation, 87References, 925 Anaerobic Reactor Configurations for Bioenergy Production, 93Samir Kumar Khanal5.1 Background, 935.2 Strategies for Decoupling HRT and SRT, 935.3 Classification of Anaerobic Bioreactors, 945.4 Membrane Technology for Syngas Fermentation to Ethanol, 112References, 1146 Molecular Techniques in Anaerobic Biotechnology: Application in Bioenergy Generation, 115Srisuda Dhamwichukorn6.1 Background, 1156.2 Molecular Techniques in Anaerobic Biotechnology, 1156.3 Fundamentals of Molecular Techniques, 1166.4 Phylogenetic Analysis, 1176.5 Molecular Techniques for Microbial Community Structure Analysis: DNA Fingerprinting, Clone Library, and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization, 1186.6 Molecular Techniques for Functional Analysis, 1216.7 Nucleic Acid Extraction of Anaerobic Cells/Isolates and Sludge, 1236.8 Molecular Techniques for Structure and Function Analysis, 1236.9 Postgenomic Approaches for Bioenergy Research, 128References, 1307 Bioenergy Recovery From Sulfate-rich Waste Streams and Strategies for Sulfide Removal, 133Samir Kumar Khanal7.1 Background, 1337.2 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, 1337.3 High-Strength Sulfate-Rich Wastewater, 1357.4 Methane Recovery from High-Strength Sulfate-Laden Wastewater, 1357.5 Important Considerations in Treatment and Methane Recovery from High-Strength Sulfate-Laden Wastewater, 1377.6 Interactions between MPB and SRB, 1437.7 Sulfide Removal, 149References, 1578 Bioenergy Generation From Residues of Biofuel Industries, 161Samir Kumar Khanal8.1 Background, 1618.2 Bioethanol Feedstocks, 1628.3 Biodiesel Feedstocks, 1638.4 Ethanol Production, 1638.5 Thin Stillage Characterization, 1718.6 Cassava-Based Ethanol Production, 1838.7 Cellulose-Based Ethanol Production, 1858.8 Bioenergy Recovery from Crude Glycerin, 186References, 1879 Biohydrogen Production: Fundamentals, Challenges, And Operation Strategies for Enhanced Yield, 189Samir Kumar Khanal9.1 Background, 1899.2 Biological Hydrogen Production, 1909.3 Microbiology of Dark Fermentation, 1919.4 Hydrogen Production Pathway through Dark Fermentation, 1929.5 Suppression of Hydrogen Consumers, 1969.6 Hydrogen Yield, 199P1: Sfk/uks P2: Sfk/uks Qc: Sfk/uks T1: Sfk BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July 11, 2008 15:39.7 Important Considerations in Biohydrogen Production, 2009.8 Limitations of Dark Fermentation and Potential Remedial Options, 2109.9 Technoeconomic Analysis of Hydrogen Fermentation, 213References, 21510 Microbial Fuel Cell: Novel Anaerobic Biotechnology for Energy Generation From Wastewater, 221Hong Liu10.1 Background, 22110.2 How Does a Microbial Fuel Cell Work?, 22210.3 Stoichiometry and Energetics, 22310.4 Electrochemically Active Microbes and Electron Transfer Mechanisms, 22510.5 Evaluation of MFC Performance, 22810.6 MFC Designs and Electrode Materials, 23110.7 Operational Factors Affecting MFC Performance, 23910.8 Opportunities and Challenges for MFCs in Wastewater Treatment, 242References, 24311 Pretreatment of High-solids Wastes/residues to Enhance Bioenergy Recovery, 247Santha Harikishan11.1 Background, 24711.2 Efficiency of Sludge Pretreatment, 24811.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment, 25011.4 Chemical and Physical Pretreatment, 25711.5 Thermal Hydrolysis, 26111.6 Impact of Improved Digestibility on Overall Process Economics, 264References, 26412 Biogas Processing and Utilization as An Energy Source, 267Santha Harikishan12.1 Background, 26712.2 Biogas Production, 26712.3 Factors Affecting Digester Gas Production, 26912.4 Biogas Composition, 27012.5 Biogas Impurities, 27212.6 Biogas Cleaning for Effective Utilization, 27412.7 Biogas Utilization, 27912.8 Future of Biogas as a Renewable Resource, 290References, 291Index, 293

Samir Kumar Khanal, PhD, P.E. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawaii-Manoa.

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• Contributors, xiPreface, xiii1 Overview of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 1Samir Kumar Khanal1.1 Anaerobic Biotechnology and Bioenergy Recovery, 11.2 Historical Development, 31.3 Importance of Anaerobic Biotechnology in Overall Waste Treatment, 51.4 Definition and Principle of Anaerobic Processes, 61.5 Important Considerations in Anaerobic Biotechnology, 81.6 Merits of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 151.7 Limitations of Anaerobic Process, 22References, 252 Microbiology and Biochemistry of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 29Samir Kumar Khanal2.1 Background, 292.2 Organics Conversion in Anaerobic Systems, 292.3 Process Microbiology, 32References, 413 Environmental Factors, 43Samir Kumar Khanal3.1 Background, 433.2 Temperature, 433.3 Operating pH and Alkalinity, 473.4 Nutrients, 553.5 Toxic Materials, 563.6 Redox Potential or Oxidation–Reduction Potential, 59References, 614 Kinetics and Modeling in Anaerobic Processes, 65Keshab Raj Sharma4.1 Background, 654.2 Basic Elements, 664.3 Stepwise Approach to Modeling, 694.4 Modeling of pH Change, 794.5 Modeling of Energy Generation, 87References, 925 Anaerobic Reactor Configurations for Bioenergy Production, 93Samir Kumar Khanal5.1 Background, 935.2 Strategies for Decoupling HRT and SRT, 935.3 Classification of Anaerobic Bioreactors, 945.4 Membrane Technology for Syngas Fermentation to Ethanol, 112References, 1146 Molecular Techniques in Anaerobic Biotechnology: Application in Bioenergy Generation, 115Srisuda Dhamwichukorn6.1 Background, 1156.2 Molecular Techniques in Anaerobic Biotechnology, 1156.3 Fundamentals of Molecular Techniques, 1166.4 Phylogenetic Analysis, 1176.5 Molecular Techniques for Microbial Community Structure Analysis: DNA Fingerprinting, Clone Library, and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization, 1186.6 Molecular Techniques for Functional Analysis, 1216.7 Nucleic Acid Extraction of Anaerobic Cells/Isolates and Sludge, 1236.8 Molecular Techniques for Structure and Function Analysis, 1236.9 Postgenomic Approaches for Bioenergy Research, 128References, 1307 Bioenergy Recovery From Sulfate-rich Waste Streams and Strategies for Sulfide Removal, 133Samir Kumar Khanal7.1 Background, 1337.2 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, 1337.3 High-Strength Sulfate-Rich Wastewater, 1357.4 Methane Recovery from High-Strength Sulfate-Laden Wastewater, 1357.5 Important Considerations in Treatment and Methane Recovery from High-Strength Sulfate-Laden Wastewater, 1377.6 Interactions between MPB and SRB, 1437.7 Sulfide Removal, 149References, 1578 Bioenergy Generation From Residues of Biofuel Industries, 161Samir Kumar Khanal8.1 Background, 1618.2 Bioethanol Feedstocks, 1628.3 Biodiesel Feedstocks, 1638.4 Ethanol Production, 1638.5 Thin Stillage Characterization, 1718.6 Cassava-Based Ethanol Production, 1838.7 Cellulose-Based Ethanol Production, 1858.8 Bioenergy Recovery from Crude Glycerin, 186References, 1879 Biohydrogen Production: Fundamentals, Challenges, And Operation Strategies for Enhanced Yield, 189Samir Kumar Khanal9.1 Background, 1899.2 Biological Hydrogen Production, 1909.3 Microbiology of Dark Fermentation, 1919.4 Hydrogen Production Pathway through Dark Fermentation, 1929.5 Suppression of Hydrogen Consumers, 1969.6 Hydrogen Yield, 199P1: Sfk/uks P2: Sfk/uks Qc: Sfk/uks T1: Sfk BLBS011-Khanal 9780813823461 July 11, 2008 15:39.7 Important Considerations in Biohydrogen Production, 2009.8 Limitations of Dark Fermentation and Potential Remedial Options, 2109.9 Technoeconomic Analysis of Hydrogen Fermentation, 213References, 21510 Microbial Fuel Cell: Novel Anaerobic Biotechnology for Energy Generation From Wastewater, 221Hong Liu10.1 Background, 22110.2 How Does a Microbial Fuel Cell Work?, 22210.3 Stoichiometry and Energetics, 22310.4 Electrochemically Active Microbes and Electron Transfer Mechanisms, 22510.5 Evaluation of MFC Performance, 22810.6 MFC Designs and Electrode Materials, 23110.7 Operational Factors Affecting MFC Performance, 23910.8 Opportunities and Challenges for MFCs in Wastewater Treatment, 242References, 24311 Pretreatment of High-solids Wastes/residues to Enhance Bioenergy Recovery, 247Santha Harikishan11.1 Background, 24711.2 Efficiency of Sludge Pretreatment, 24811.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment, 25011.4 Chemical and Physical Pretreatment, 25711.5 Thermal Hydrolysis, 26111.6 Impact of Improved Digestibility on Overall Process Economics, 264References, 26412 Biogas Processing and Utilization as An Energy Source, 267Santha Harikishan12.1 Background, 26712.2 Biogas Production, 26712.3 Factors Affecting Digester Gas Production, 26912.4 Biogas Composition, 27012.5 Biogas Impurities, 27212.6 Biogas Cleaning for Effective Utilization, 27412.7 Biogas Utilization, 27912.8 Future of Biogas as a Renewable Resource, 290References, 291Index, 293