Alexandra Sakaki is a senior associate in the Asia division at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin.Hanns W. Maull is senior distinguished fellow at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, senior policy fellow at the Mercator Institute for China Studies, and adjunct professor of international relations and strategic studies at the Johns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Center.Kerstin Lukner is managing director of the Alliance on Research on East Asia (AREA) Ruhr, a joint program of the Universities of Bochum and Duisburg-Essen, Germany.Ellis S. Krauss is professor emeritus of the School of Global Policyand Strategy at the University of California, San Diego.Thomas U. Berger is a professor at the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University.

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• Contents:Acknowledgments1. Introduction: Germany, Japan, and the International Security Order2. The Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics3. The Post–Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics4. Intervention Decisions: Contested Legitimacy5. Arms Export Policies: Fragile Legitimacy6. Conclusion: Still Reluctant Warriors?Appendix: German and Japanese Military Missions 1990 to 2019NotesIndex

Alexandra Sakaki is a senior associate in the Asia division at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin.Hanns W. Maull is senior distinguished fellow at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, senior policy fellow at the Mercator Institute for China Studies, and adjunct professor of international relations and strategic studies at the Johns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Center.Kerstin Lukner is managing director of the Alliance on Research on East Asia (AREA) Ruhr, a joint program of the Universities of Bochum and Duisburg-Essen, Germany.Ellis S. Krauss is professor emeritus of the School of Global Policyand Strategy at the University of California, San Diego.Thomas U. Berger is a professor at the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University.

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• Contents:Acknowledgments1. Introduction: Germany, Japan, and the International Security Order2. The Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics3. The Post–Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics4. Intervention Decisions: Contested Legitimacy5. Arms Export Policies: Fragile Legitimacy6. Conclusion: Still Reluctant Warriors?Appendix: German and Japanese Military Missions 1990 to 2019NotesIndex

Alexandra Sakaki is a senior associate in the Asia division at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin.Hanns W. Maull is senior distinguished fellow at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, senior policy fellow at the Mercator Institute for China Studies, and adjunct professor of international relations and strategic studies at the Johns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Center.Kerstin Lukner is managing director of the Alliance on Research on East Asia (AREA) Ruhr, a joint program of the Universities of Bochum and Duisburg-Essen, Germany.Ellis S. Krauss is professor emeritus of the School of Global Policyand Strategy at the University of California, San Diego.Thomas U. Berger is a professor at the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University.

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• Contents:Acknowledgments1. Introduction: Germany, Japan, and the International Security Order2. The Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics3. The Post–Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics4. Intervention Decisions: Contested Legitimacy5. Arms Export Policies: Fragile Legitimacy6. Conclusion: Still Reluctant Warriors?Appendix: German and Japanese Military Missions 1990 to 2019NotesIndex