J. Kēhaulani Kauanui is Associate Professor of Anthropology and American Studies at Wesleyan University.

“Hawaiian Blood is an important work that addresses the racialization of Hawaiians in a way that no other work has done. J. Kēhaulani Kauanui reveals how the fifty-percent blood quantum continues to divide the Native Hawaiian community and how it is affecting current court decisions and legislation. These analyses are crucial for the Hawaiian community as it continues to move to define itself and to exercise self-determination and sovereignty.”-Noenoe K. Silva, author of Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism“Hawaiian Blood tells a fascinating and important story that has not received sufficient attention in the historical research on Hawai‘i nor in the work on indigenous peoples more generally. Well written, accessible to students and sophisticated in its analysis, this book offers provocative new insights and theoretical perspectives on how we think about and use notions of race, blood, and belonging.”-Sally Engle Merry, author of Colonizing Hawai‘i: The Cultural Power of Law “Hawaiian Blood is an important study that brings a complex issue to light and fills a gap in the literature on both indigenous and American studies.” - Eileen H. Tamura (Journal of American History) “Hawaiian Blood obviously is required reading for anyone interested in Hawaiian history, but it can be profitably read by others concerned with ethnicity, land rights, definitions of welfare and more issues than a brief review can encompass. Though I have lived in the islands intermittently for almost 60 years, I found I could still learn from Kauanui’s book and am therefore profoundly grateful to her.” - Eugene Ogan (Pacific Affairs) “Kauanui is a passionate critic of the concept of blood quantum, and her engagement with the issue of Hawaiian identity yields insights throughout the book, especially concerning the ways in which the law can work as a subtle agent of colonization.” - Stuart Banner (Pacific Historical Review) “The broader historical and anthropological questions raised by this study are thoroughly engaging, beginning with the metrics through which ‘Hawaiian’ identity and community membership should be measured. . . . Kauanui’s informed voice, as a scholar and Hawaiian, deserves a large and attentive audience in the coming debates over sovereignty and indigeneity.” - David Igler (American Historical Review) “This book is incredibly important in building a new understanding of colonization and racialization in Hawai’i, and is a must read for anyone interested in American Studies, Indigenous Studies, and/or Critical Race Studies.” - Judy Rohrer (American Studies) “This work is an ambitious and carefully argued account of how the peoples of Hawaii moved across multiple modes of being: from a self-ruled polyglot community to becoming conquered United States colonial subjects and, eventually, transformed into culturally and legally segmented ‘American’ citizens made to submit to ‘blood quantum’ rules. . . . [A]n exceedingly well written and well argued work on a complex case.” - Cherubim Quizon (Anthropological Quarterly)

• A Note to Readers xiAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction: Got Blood? 11. Racialized Beneficiaries and Genealogical Descendants 372. "Can you wonder that the Hawaiians did not get more?" Historical Context for the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act 673. Under the Guise of Hawaiian Rehabilitation 994. The Virile, Prolific, and Enterprising: Part-Hawaiians and the Problem with Rehabilitation 1215. Limiting Hawaiians, Limiting the Bill: Rehabilitation Recoded 1456. Sovereignty Struggles and the Legacy of the 50-Percent Rule 171Notes 197Bibliography 211Index 229

J. Kēhaulani Kauanui is Associate Professor of Anthropology and American Studies at Wesleyan University.

“Hawaiian Blood is an important work that addresses the racialization of Hawaiians in a way that no other work has done. J. Kēhaulani Kauanui reveals how the fifty-percent blood quantum continues to divide the Native Hawaiian community and how it is affecting current court decisions and legislation. These analyses are crucial for the Hawaiian community as it continues to move to define itself and to exercise self-determination and sovereignty.”-Noenoe K. Silva, author of Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism“Hawaiian Blood tells a fascinating and important story that has not received sufficient attention in the historical research on Hawai‘i nor in the work on indigenous peoples more generally. Well written, accessible to students and sophisticated in its analysis, this book offers provocative new insights and theoretical perspectives on how we think about and use notions of race, blood, and belonging.”-Sally Engle Merry, author of Colonizing Hawai‘i: The Cultural Power of Law “Hawaiian Blood is an important study that brings a complex issue to light and fills a gap in the literature on both indigenous and American studies.” - Eileen H. Tamura (Journal of American History) “Hawaiian Blood obviously is required reading for anyone interested in Hawaiian history, but it can be profitably read by others concerned with ethnicity, land rights, definitions of welfare and more issues than a brief review can encompass. Though I have lived in the islands intermittently for almost 60 years, I found I could still learn from Kauanui’s book and am therefore profoundly grateful to her.” - Eugene Ogan (Pacific Affairs) “Kauanui is a passionate critic of the concept of blood quantum, and her engagement with the issue of Hawaiian identity yields insights throughout the book, especially concerning the ways in which the law can work as a subtle agent of colonization.” - Stuart Banner (Pacific Historical Review) “The broader historical and anthropological questions raised by this study are thoroughly engaging, beginning with the metrics through which ‘Hawaiian’ identity and community membership should be measured. . . . Kauanui’s informed voice, as a scholar and Hawaiian, deserves a large and attentive audience in the coming debates over sovereignty and indigeneity.” - David Igler (American Historical Review) “This book is incredibly important in building a new understanding of colonization and racialization in Hawai’i, and is a must read for anyone interested in American Studies, Indigenous Studies, and/or Critical Race Studies.” - Judy Rohrer (American Studies) “This work is an ambitious and carefully argued account of how the peoples of Hawaii moved across multiple modes of being: from a self-ruled polyglot community to becoming conquered United States colonial subjects and, eventually, transformed into culturally and legally segmented ‘American’ citizens made to submit to ‘blood quantum’ rules. . . . [A]n exceedingly well written and well argued work on a complex case.” - Cherubim Quizon (Anthropological Quarterly)

• A Note to Readers xiAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction: Got Blood? 11. Racialized Beneficiaries and Genealogical Descendants 372. "Can you wonder that the Hawaiians did not get more?" Historical Context for the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act 673. Under the Guise of Hawaiian Rehabilitation 994. The Virile, Prolific, and Enterprising: Part-Hawaiians and the Problem with Rehabilitation 1215. Limiting Hawaiians, Limiting the Bill: Rehabilitation Recoded 1456. Sovereignty Struggles and the Legacy of the 50-Percent Rule 171Notes 197Bibliography 211Index 229

J. Kēhaulani Kauanui is Associate Professor of Anthropology and American Studies at Wesleyan University.

“Hawaiian Blood is an important work that addresses the racialization of Hawaiians in a way that no other work has done. J. Kēhaulani Kauanui reveals how the fifty-percent blood quantum continues to divide the Native Hawaiian community and how it is affecting current court decisions and legislation. These analyses are crucial for the Hawaiian community as it continues to move to define itself and to exercise self-determination and sovereignty.”-Noenoe K. Silva, author of Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism“Hawaiian Blood tells a fascinating and important story that has not received sufficient attention in the historical research on Hawai‘i nor in the work on indigenous peoples more generally. Well written, accessible to students and sophisticated in its analysis, this book offers provocative new insights and theoretical perspectives on how we think about and use notions of race, blood, and belonging.”-Sally Engle Merry, author of Colonizing Hawai‘i: The Cultural Power of Law “Hawaiian Blood is an important study that brings a complex issue to light and fills a gap in the literature on both indigenous and American studies.” - Eileen H. Tamura (Journal of American History) “Hawaiian Blood obviously is required reading for anyone interested in Hawaiian history, but it can be profitably read by others concerned with ethnicity, land rights, definitions of welfare and more issues than a brief review can encompass. Though I have lived in the islands intermittently for almost 60 years, I found I could still learn from Kauanui’s book and am therefore profoundly grateful to her.” - Eugene Ogan (Pacific Affairs) “Kauanui is a passionate critic of the concept of blood quantum, and her engagement with the issue of Hawaiian identity yields insights throughout the book, especially concerning the ways in which the law can work as a subtle agent of colonization.” - Stuart Banner (Pacific Historical Review) “The broader historical and anthropological questions raised by this study are thoroughly engaging, beginning with the metrics through which ‘Hawaiian’ identity and community membership should be measured. . . . Kauanui’s informed voice, as a scholar and Hawaiian, deserves a large and attentive audience in the coming debates over sovereignty and indigeneity.” - David Igler (American Historical Review) “This book is incredibly important in building a new understanding of colonization and racialization in Hawai’i, and is a must read for anyone interested in American Studies, Indigenous Studies, and/or Critical Race Studies.” - Judy Rohrer (American Studies) “This work is an ambitious and carefully argued account of how the peoples of Hawaii moved across multiple modes of being: from a self-ruled polyglot community to becoming conquered United States colonial subjects and, eventually, transformed into culturally and legally segmented ‘American’ citizens made to submit to ‘blood quantum’ rules. . . . [A]n exceedingly well written and well argued work on a complex case.” - Cherubim Quizon (Anthropological Quarterly)

• A Note to Readers xiAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction: Got Blood? 11. Racialized Beneficiaries and Genealogical Descendants 372. "Can you wonder that the Hawaiians did not get more?" Historical Context for the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act 673. Under the Guise of Hawaiian Rehabilitation 994. The Virile, Prolific, and Enterprising: Part-Hawaiians and the Problem with Rehabilitation 1215. Limiting Hawaiians, Limiting the Bill: Rehabilitation Recoded 1456. Sovereignty Struggles and the Legacy of the 50-Percent Rule 171Notes 197Bibliography 211Index 229