Competing Kingdoms

Barbara Reeves-Ellington is Associate Professor of History at Siena College in Loudonville, New York.Kathryn Kish Sklar is Distinguished Professor of History at the State University of New York, Binghamton.Connie A. Shemo is Assistant Professor of History at the State University of New York, Plattsburgh.

“In Competing Kingdoms, Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Kathryn Kish Sklar, and Connie A. Shemo bring together a group of emerging and established historians in an innovative project of bringing insights from American mission women’s history into the framework of American cultural imperialism. . . . This collection offers fertile directions for scholars concerned with American imperialism and more generally with the thorny questions of gender, missions, and empires. We can look forward to many of these historians producing book-length accounts where they can develop their research findings more fully. The editors are to be congratulated.” - Patricia Grimshaw, Journal of Church and State “Competing Kingdoms presents fresh and wide-ranging scholarship on gender and mission, linking it to American cultural expansionism (1812-1960).” - Maina Chawla Singh, International Bulletin of Missionary Research “[A]n important and welcome collection of essays. . . . The attempt to connect gender and foreign relations succeeds thanks to the breadth of scholarship in this volume and the diverse but focused essays that comprise it. . . . [A] groundbreaking contribution to US history.” - Johanna Selles, Missiology “Competing Kingdoms achieves through the inclusion of many authors what few have been able to achieve singly: the internationalization of American women’s history. It focuses on a group of culture agents who were at the avant-garde of America’s emergence into global influence: women missionaries.”-Ann Braude, author of Sisters and Saints: Women and American Religion “This rich, diverse collection of essays illuminates women’s pivotal role in the Protestant missions that were at the center of Americans’ interactions with Asia, Africa, and the Middle East in the nineteenth century and early twentieth. Throughout the pieces, readers witness the women that made missions possible-not only as missionaries, but also as sponsors and audiences-navigating the tensions and intersections between ideals and practices of spiritual equality and those of patriarchy, empire, and race, enlisting and challenging gendered conventions in the process. This volume will prove an indispensable guide in the effort to bring gender analysis, religious culture, and women’s agency into an internationalized historiography of the United States.”-Paul A. Kramer, author of The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and the Philippines “Competing Kingdoms reveals the complex and unpredictable results of the missionary enterprise, showing how the work of American women simultaneously constructed and destabilized gender, cultural, and racial hierarchies, with significant results for sending and receiving cultures alike. The tensions suggested in the volume’s title play out in fascinating detail in its pages.” - Andrew Witmer (Journal of American History) “Competing Kingdoms presents fresh and wide-ranging scholarship on gender and mission, linking it to American cultural expansionism (1812–1960).” - Maina Chawla Singh (International Bulletin of Missionary Research) “[A]n important and welcome collection of essays. . . . The attempt to connect gender and foreign relations succeeds thanks to the breadth of scholarship in this volume and the diverse but focused essays that comprise it. . . . [A] groundbreaking contribution to US history.” - Johanna Selles (Missiology) “In Competing Kingdoms, Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Kathryn Kish Sklar, and Connie A. Shemo bring together a group of emerging and established historians in an innovative project of bringing insights from American mission women’s history into the framework of American cultural imperialism. . . . This collection offers fertile directions for scholars concerned with American imperialism and more generally with the thorny questions of gender, missions, and empires. We can look forward to many of these historians producing book-length accounts where they can develop their research findings more fully. The editors are to be congratulated.” - Patricia Grimshaw (Journal of Church and State)

• Acknowledgments xiIntroduction / Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Kathryn Kish Sklar, and Connie Schemo 1I. Re-visioning American Women in the World Women's Mission in Historical Perspective: American Identity and Christian Internationalism / Jane H. Hunter 19Woman, Missions, and Empire: New Approaches to American Cultural Expansion / Ian Tyrrell 43II. Women Canonizing Harriet Newell: Women, the Evangelical Press, and the Foreign Mission Movement in New England, 1800–1840 / Mary Kupiec Cayton 69An Unwomanly Woman and Her Sons in Christ: Faith, Empire, and Gender in Colonial Rhodesia, 1899–1906 / Wendy Urban-Mead 94"So Thoroughly American": Gertrude Howe, Kang Cheng, and Cultural Imperialism in the Women's Foreign Missionary Society, 1872–1931 / Connie Shemo 117From Redeemers to Partners: American Women Missionaries and the "Woman Question" in India 1919–1939 / Susan Haskell Khan 141III. Mission Settler Colonists, "Christian Citizenship," and the Women's Missionary Federation at the Bethany Indian Mission in Wittenberg, Wisconsin, 1884–1934 / Betty Ann Bergland 167New Life, New Faith, New Nation, New Women: Competing Models at the Door of Hope Mission in Shanghai / Sue Gronewold 195"No Nation Can Rise Higher than Its Women": The Women's Ecumenical Missionary Movement and Tokyo Women's Christian College / Rui Kohiyama 218Nile Mother: Lillian Thrasher and the Orphans of Egypt / Beth Baron 240IV. Nation Embracing Domesticity: Women, Mission, and Nation Building in Ottoman Europe, 1832–1872 / Barbara Reeves-Ellington 269Imperial Encounters at Home: Women, Empire, and the Home Mission Project in Late Nineteenth-Century America / Derek Chang 293Three African American Women Missionaries in the Congo, 1887–1899: The Confluence of Race, Culture, Identity, and Nationality / Sylvia M. Jacobs 318"Stepmother America": The Woman's Board of Missions in the Philippines, 1902–1930 / Laura R. Prieto 342Conclusion. Doing Everything: Religion, Race, and Empire in the U.S. Protestant Women's Missionary Enterprise, 1812–1960 / Mary A. Renda 367Selected Bibliography 391Contributors 397Index 401