Surface Engineering of Metals

Burakowski, Tadeusz; Wierzchon, Tadeusz

"…the book provides a considerable amount of useful information in a wide-ranging treatment of surface engineering…well illustrated and referenced, and should be useful to researchers and engineers."-A.J. McEvily Jr., University of Connecticut"…the book constitutes a significant publication event, for its great educational value and clear layout, for its practical and utilitarian approach and above all for its encyclopaedic nature>"-Professor Jan Kaczmarek, Polish Academy of Sciences, SURFACE ENGINEERING

• Part i. General Fundamentals of Surface Engineering -- 1. The concept of surface engineering -- 1.1 The term "surface engineering" -- 1.2 Scope of topics forming the concept of surface engineering -- References -- 2. Development of surface engineering -- 2.1 History of development of surface engineering -- 2.1.1 General laws of development -- 2.1.2 History of development of metallic structural materials -- 2.1.3 History of development of the technology of -- surface improvement of structural materials -- 2.2 Surface engineering today -- 2.2.1 General areas of activity of surface engineering -- 2.2.2 Significance of surface engineering -- 2.3 Directions of development of surface engineering -- 2.3.1 Perfection and combination of methods of manufacturing of surface layers -- 2.3.2 Design of surface layers, based on mathematical modeling -- 2.3.3 Micro and nanometric testing -- 2.3.4 Rational application of surface layers -- References -- 3. The solid surface -- 3.1 The significance of the surface -- 3.2 The surface - geometrical concept -- 3.3 The surface - mechanical concept -- 3.4 The surface - physico-chemical concept -- 3.4.1 The phase -- 3.4.2 Interphase surface - a physical surface -- 3.4.3 Surface energy -- 3.4.4 Surface phenomena -- References -- 4. Surface layers -- References -- 5. The superficial layer -- 5.1 Development of concepts regarding the superficial layer -- 5.2 Shaping of the superficial layer -- 5.3 Structure of the superficial layer -- 5.3.1 Simplified models of the superficial layer -- 5.3.2 The developed model of the superficial layer -- 5.4 A general characteristic of the superficial layer -- obtained by machining -- 5.5 Physical description of the superficial layer -- 5.6 Strengthening and weakening of the superficial layer -- 5.7 Potential properties of the superficial layer -- 5.7.1 Geometrical parameters of the superficial layer -- 5.7.1.1 Three-dimensional structure of the surface -- 5.7.1.2 Surface roughness -- 5.7.1.3 Structural flaws of the three-dimensional surface -- 5.7.2 Stereometric-physico-chemical parameters of the superficial layer -- 5.7.2.1 Emissivity -- 5.7.2.2 Reflectivity -- 5.7.3 Physico-chemical parameters of the superficial layer -- 5.7.3.1 General characteristic -- 5.7.3.2 Metallographic structure -- 5.7.3.3 Hardness -- 5.7.3.4 Brittleness -- 5.7.3.5 Residual stresses -- 5.7.3.6 Absorption -- 5.7.3.7 Adsorption -- 5.7.3.8 Solubility -- 5.7.3.9 Diffusion -- 5.7.3.10 Adhesion -- 5.7.3.11 Catalysis -- 5.8 Practically usable properties of the superficial layer -- 5.8.1 Strength properties -- 5.8.1.1 General characteristic -- 5.8.1.2 Fatigue strength -- 5.8.2 Tribological properties -- 5.8.2.1 Types of basic tribological properties -- 5.8.2.2 Types of friction -- 5.8.2.3 Sliding friction -- 5.8.2.4 Rolling friction -- 5.8.2.5 The role of surface in the friction process -- 5.8.2.6 Thermal effects of friction -- 5.8.2.7 Lubrication -- 5.8.2.8 Tribological wear and its various versions -- 5.8.2.9 Factors affecting tribological wear -- 5.8.2.10 Non-wear friction (selective carryover) -- 5.8.2.11 Limiting tribological wear -- 5.8.3 Anti-corrosion properties -- 5.8.4 Decorative properties -- 5.9 The significance of the superficial layer -- References -- 6. Coatings -- 6.1 The concept of the coatings -- 6.2 Structure of the coating -- 6.3 Types of coatings -- 6.3.1 Division of coatings by material -- 6.3.1.1 Metallic coatings -- 6.3.1.2 Non-metallic coatings -- 6.3.2 Classification of coatings by application -- 6.3.2.1 Protective coatings -- 6.3.2.2 Decorative coatings -- 6.3.2.3 Protective-decorative coatings -- 6.3.2.4 Technical coatings -- 6.3.3 Classification of coatings by manufacturing methods -- 6.3.3.1 Galvanizing -- 6.33.2 Immersion coatings -- 6.3.3.3 Spray coatings -- 6.3.3.4 Cladded coatings -- 6.3.3.5 Crystallizing coatings -- 6.4 Potential properties of coatings -- 6.4.1 Geometrical parameters of coatings -- 6.4.1.1 Thickness -- 6.4.1.2 Three-dimensional structure of the surface -- 6.4.1.3 Surface unevenness -- 6.4.1.4 Defects of the three-dimensional structure -- 6.4.2 Geometric and physico-chemical parameters of coatings -- 6.4.3 Physico-chemical parameters of coatings -- 6.4.3.1 General characteristic -- 6.4.3.2 Structure of metallic coatings -- 6.4.3.3 Residual stresses -- 6.4.3.4 Adhesion -- 6.4.3.5 Hardness -- 6.4.3.6 Ductility (elasticity) -- 6.4.3.7 Electrical properties -- 6.4.3.8 Magnetic properties -- 6.5 Service properties of coatings -- 6.5.1 Anti-corrosion properties -- 6.5.1.1 Types of corrosion -- 6.5.1.2 Corrosion resistance -- 6.5.1.3 Porosity -- 6.5.1.4 Bulging -- 6.5.1.5 Permeability -- 6.5.2 Decorative properties -- 6.5.2.1 External appearance -- 6.5.2.2 Color -- 6.5.2.3 Luster -- 6.5.2.4 Coverability -- 6.5.2.5 Specific decorative properties -- 6.6 Significance and directions of development of coatings -- References -- Part ii. The newest techniques of producing surface layers -- 1. Formation of technological surface layers -- 1.1 Techniques of formation of technological surface layers -- 1.1.1 Mechanical techniques -- 1.1.2 Thermo-mechanical techniques -- 1.1.3 Thermal techniques -- 1.1.4 Thermo-chemical techniques -- 1.1.5 Electrochemical and chemical techniques -- 1.1.6 Physical techniques -- 1.2 Classification of techniques of producing technological surface layers -- References -- 2. Electron beam technology -- 2.1 Advent and development of electron beam technology -- 2.2 Physical principles underlying the functioning -- of electron beam equipment -- 2.2.1 Electron emission -- 2.2.2 Thermoelectron emission -- 2.2.3 Utilization of plasma as a source of electrons -- 2.2.4 Acceleration of electrons -- 2.2.5 Electron beam control -- 2.2.6 Vacuum in electron equipment -- 2.3 Electron beam heaters -- 2.3.1 Electron guns -- 2.3.1.1 Thermal emission guns -- 2.3.1.2 Plasma emission guns -- 2.3.2 Design of electron beam heaters -- 2.3.3 Types of beams and patterns -- 2.4 Physical fundamentals of interaction of electron beam with treated material -- 2.4.1 Mechanism of interaction of electron beam with treated material -- 2.4.2 Efficiency of electron beam heating -- 2.4.3 Rate of heating and cooling -- 2.5 Electron beam techniques -- 2.5.1 Remelt-free techniques -- 2.5.1.1 Annealing and tempering -- 2.5.1.2 Remelt-free hardening -- 2.5.2 Remelt techniques -- 2.5.2.1 Surface remelting -- 2.5.2.2 Alloying -- 2.52.3 Cladding -- 2.5.3 Evaporation techniques -- 2.5.4 Applications of electron beam heating in surface engineering -- References -- 3. Laser technology -- 3.1 Development of laser technology -- 3.2 Physical fundamentals of lasers -- 3.2.1 Spontaneous and stimulated emission -- 3.2.2 Laser action -- 3.2.2.1 Inversion of occupation of energy levels -- 3.2.2.2 Optical resonator -- 3.2.3 Single-mode and multi-mode laser beams -- 3.3 Lasers and laser heaters -- 3.3.1 General design of lasers -- 3.3.2 Molecuar C02 lasers -- 3.3.2.1 General characteristic -- 3.3.2.2 Lasers with slow longitudinal flow (diffusion cooled) -- 3.3.2.3 Lasers with fast longitudinal flow -- 3.3.2.4 Lasers with transverse flow -- 3.3.3 Solid Nd-YAG lasers -- 3.3.4 Continuous and pulse laser operation -- 3.3.5 Laser heaters and machinetools -- 3.4 Physical fundamentals of laser heating -- 3.4.1 Properties of laser heating -- 3.4.2 The role surface absorption in laser heating -- 3.4.3 Depth of penetration of photons into the metal -- 3.4.4 Laser heating stages -- 3.4.5 Temperature distribution in laser-heated material -- 3.4.6 Laser beam control -- 3.5 Laser techniques -- 3.5.1 Remelting-free techniques -- 3.5.1.1 Annealing and tempering, preheating -- 3.5.1.2 Remelt-free hardening -- 3.5.1.3 Surface cleaning -- 3.5.2 Remelting techniques -- 3.5.2.1 Surface remelting -- 3.5.2.2 Alloying -- 3.5.2.3 Cladding -- 3.5.3 Evaporation techniques -- 3.5.3.1 Pure evaporation -- 3.5.3.2 Detonation hardening -- 3.5.3.3 Ablation cleaning -- 3.5.4 Laser techniques for formation of thin and hard coatings -- 3.5.4.1 Coating formation by the fusion alloying in gas method -- 3.5.4.2 Formation of coatings by the pure vapour deposition method -- 3.5.4.3 Pyrolytic and photochemical formation of coatings -- 3.5.4.4 Format