Youth Gangs and Street Children

Paula Heinonen (née Sinicco) is of Ethiopian/Italian parentage and grew up in Addis Ababa.  She is College Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Anthropology of Development at Hertford, University of Oxford. Previously, she was Tutor and Visiting Fellows Program Coordinator at the International Gender Studies Centre, University of Oxford and Senior Lecturer in Anthropology and Head of Research at the University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

“Overall, Heinonen must be commended for tackling the complexities of the subject matter with tenacity and evident concern for the situation and condition of the lives of the people she observes. She does well to untangle the contradictions she encounters throughout.”  ·  Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute“Paula Heinonen has written a remarkable book that deserves a wide readership… Altogether I would highly recommend this book, and I hope it finds a readership well beyond the narrow disciplinary and geographical confines that scholarship from the south too often ends up in. Finally, the book underscores the value of long term, and fairly open-ended ethnographic research.”  ·  Children's Geographies“The author’s relatively long period of field work enables her to follow-up on the longer term fates of the informants. Heinonen has taken great care to gather and categorise her data and to distil it down to its essence. [It] provides a great deal of insight into the complicated ways in which urban poverty is perpetuated in the developing world…[and] serves as an abundant source for those interested in gender, especially for understanding the real-life strategies employed by Ethiopian women and children to survive in a predominantly patriarchal society, and especially for following the way maleness is constructed.”  ·  Anthropological Notebooks“Heinonen’s cultural analysis of shame and her definition of a ‘wider Ethiopian culture’... open up an interesting methodological discussion on the relation between culture and practice, ethnographical analysis and cultural representation …Her work is an important start for an ethnography of the street, street dynamics and urban marginality – a contribution that the academic literature on Ethiopia has lacked until now.”  ·  Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute“The book constitutes an important contribution to ethnography, not only for its methodology but for the coherent analysis of the detailed empirical work used in this this excellent study of street children and youth gangs.”  ·  Revista Española de Sociología“The contents of the chapters …focus on impressive personal stories, while at the same time interpreting the social and cultural meanings of gender roles and yilunta in the political and economic environment of Ethiopia.”  ·  Rivista di Antropologia Post-Globale“Heinonen original use of yilunta (shame, honor and family pride) that she relates to male hegemony in the wider Ethiopian cultural context enables her to bring forth a unifying theme that connects street children with larger cultural values and how they experience it. Her work is indispensable to the study of street children and to childhood studies.”  ·  Lewis Aptekar, San Jose State University“Richly illustrated by quotes and life histories, this is an excellent ethnography of the ways in which young people develop resilience through continual reworking of webs of care, nurturance and interaction amongst themselves and with their families… The text is well written, comprehensive and based on a rich source of empirical material that is well analyzed and interpreted.”  ·  Tatek Abebe, Norwegian Centre for Child Research, Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, Trondheim“The book is a unique study based on long –term detailed field research.   The author adopts the novel approach of analyzing gender   and masculinity from the perspective of children and their families  and how they experience it, and in the process offers a searing and  unsparing gaze on the plight of families and children living in difficult circumstances.  Dr. Heinonen’s findings have profound implications, not just for policy makers and NGOs but for our very conception of ‘street children’ and ‘youth gangs’.  It is a major contribution to African ethnography and gender studies.”  ·  Marieme S. Lo, PhD, University of Toronto

• AcknowledgementsIntroductionPoverty and Streetism in EthiopiaMethodologyCultureThe bookChapter 1. EthiopiaThe CountryEthnicityConsequences of famines in EthiopiaAddis AbabaHousingStreet People and OthersChapter 2. Yilunta:  Shame, Honour and Family prideMasculinityYiluntaSocializationParenting among the PoorChildren’s role in Parenting their Siblings and Parents.Chapter 3. Son of a WomanMulu’s StoryLemlem’s StoryThe Economics of Street lifeHome LifeSocial NetworksMotherhoodFatherhoodPlaytimeEducationHealthParenting the ParentsThe Next GenerationChapter 4. Borco: The Give and Take of Gang MembershipThe Borcos and their kindTerritoryGroup formationGang LifeStreet WorkSharingFriendship and CooperatingUnrequited LoveUnrequited Reciprocity‘Imediatismo’Health and DeathCrimeViolenceMaturing out of the street Chapter 5. Girls, Sex, and Gang LifeNo Home to go toNot Homeless but Jobless: The BozeneGirls, Sex, and Gang lifeSlow Descent into HellDiscussion and ConclusionBibliography