Cyprus Referendum

Chrysostomos Pericleous is a freelance writer and journalist with first hand experience in the politics of Cyprus. Educated in London and Exeter as well as Cyprus, he has published a number of articles and essays as well as two books, The Cyprus Problem and a collection of poetry.

• Table of Contents AcknowledgementsAbbreviationsIntroductionChapter 1: The European paradigm 1.1.The European Union: an evolutionary process1.2.The European Union: A post-modern Institution1.3.Polycentric governance: Synthesis of individuation and integrationChapter 2: Review of Greek Foreign Policy2.1. The theoretical background2.2. The logic of Helsinki and “citizen diplomacy”2.3. The Venizelos-Ataturk Pact 2.4. Cyprus: A cause of protracted crisis between Greece and Turkey2.5. Andreas Papandreou: From “no dialogue” to Davos2.6. Pangalos-Kranidiotis: The linkage policyChapter 3: Review of US foreign policy3.1. Turkey: A pivotal state for the US3.2. Johnson's letter: The syndrome3.3. US opposition to Cyprus' accession to the EU3.4. The EU's negative stance on Cyprus' accession3.5. Holbrooke's strategy3.6. The Imia crisis and the S-300 missiles3.7. Mediation by Holbrooke 3.8. US behind the new mobility3.9. Assessment of US foreign policyChapter 4: Changes in Turkey4.1. The static conception of Turkey and the NO vote to the Referendum4.2. From the Ottoman Empire to the Kemalist state: Nationalism, Pan-Turkism, Expansionism.4.3. Islam: In search of identity4.4. Turgut Ozal: Liberalization of the economy, Turkish-Islamic synthesis4.5. Political Islam: The Islamic Party4.6. The politics of fear and the revolution of the AKP 4.7. The Cyprus question: How it has affected Turkish foreign policy and internal affairs 4.8. Turkish revisionism in Turkish-Greek relations4.9. Turkey's European orientation and the demand for democratization4.10. Turkey's European bid and the Cyprus problem4.11. The European Union and TurkeyChapter 5: The perception of the solution by the Greek Cypriot Community5.1. The Enosis movement and Greek Cypriot nationalism5.2. Makarios and the enosis movement 5.3. Makarios and the 1960 Constitution5.4. Between the devil and the deep blue sea5.5. An “interlude of joy” 5.6. Towards the abyss5.7. The perception of federation by Makarios5.8. The two “precepts” of Makarios5.9. The perception of the solution and electoral calculations5.10. Return to the logic of “absolute solution”5.11. Helsinki and the reunification perspective.Chapter 6: The perception of the solution by the Turkish Cypriot community6.1. The inception of Turkish Cypriot nationalism6.2. From Young-Turk to Kemalist nationalism.6.3. The political organization of separation. 6.4. The leading role of Rauf Denktas 6.5. The perception of the solution by the Turkish community after the invasion6.6. The Turkish Cypriot uprisingChapter 7: From Waldheim's “evaluation” to the Annan Plan7.1. The UN peace mission in Cyprus7.2. The Cuellar initiatives 7.3. Boutros Ghali's “Set of Ideas” 7.4. The Annan Plan: On the tracks of the Set of Ideas7.4.1. The “new state of affairs” 7.4.2. Bicommunality - Bizonality7.4.3. Political equality7.4.4. The unity of the country. 7.4.5. The “single list” in the election of the Presidential Council7.4.6. The Presidential Council: Transition to the post-leader era. 7.4.7. Territory, Displaced, Properties7.4.8. Historical and cultural heritage 7.4.9. Individual rights7.4.10. Security: Withdrawal of troops, Guarantees7.4.11. Settlers 7.4.12. Transitional arrangementsChapter 8: Towards the Referendum8.1. Submission of the UN Plan and initial reactions8.2. “Coercion” a feature of the timing8.3. The “faultless” stand: From Copenhagen to The Hague 8.4. Turkey-Turkish Cypriots: In search of an outlet 8.5. Tassos Papadopoulos: Reneging on the Hague commitment8.6. Piecing together a strategy of rejection8.7. New York's “cold shower” and the decision to rejectChapter 9: The NO vote of 24 April 20049.1. The convergence of events and the possibility of political symbiosis 9.2. Papadopoulos' refusal to negotiate at Bürgenstock9.3. The Annan Plan and t