Nicholas Atkin (1960-2009) was Professor of Modern European History at the University of Reading. Frank Tallett was, until his retirement, Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading.

• Preface |vii Abbreviations |ix Introduction 1 1 Catholicism in Retrenchment:the Eighteenth Century 5 The religious geography of Europe |6 Established churches and Erastianism |8 The Latin theocracy |16 The sociology of the Church: the secular clergy |22 The sociology of the Church: the regulars |31 Belief and practice |35 Conclusion:Catholicism in rupture |45 2 Catholicism in Revolution: 1789-1815 47 The rupture, 1787-90 |47 Catholicism and counter-revolution |53 War and dechristianisation |56 The revolution abroad |62 Rome and revolution:the last Pope?|69 Napoleon and religion |71 Napoleon and Europe |77 Conclusion:revolution in retrospect |83 3 Catholicism Restored: 1815-50 85 A new religious geography of Europe |86 The age of con- cordats?|89 Catholics under non-Catholic rule |92 Reaction in theory and practice |101 A religious revival?|110 Pius IX and the revolutions of 1848|120 Conclusion: restoration reviewed |128 4 Catholicism Retuned: 1850-1914 129 Ultramontanism and the papacy |130 Identity and nationalism: the anti-Catholic onslaught |141 The Catholic intellectual world: modernism versus integralism |159 Secularisation |167 Catholicism overseas |188 Conclusion:a Church in the Pope 's image |193 5 Catholicism and Reaction: 1914-45 195 The First World War and its aftermath |196 Catholics and dictators |203 Catholics and the liberal democracies |222 Catholics and belief during the inter-war years |232 The Second World War |244 Conclusion:change and continuity |263 6 Catholicism Revised: 1945-2002 265 Catholics and Cold War: Eastern Europe |266 Catholics and Cold War: Western Europe |273 The Second Vatican Council |289 The challenge of a new secularisation |299 John Paul II: 'a living cult'|313 Conclusion |320 7 Conclusion:Catholicism Reviewed 222 Notes 234 Bibliographical Essay 244 Index 265

Nicholas Atkin (1960-2009) was Professor of Modern European History at the University of Reading. Frank Tallett was, until his retirement, Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading.

• Preface |vii Abbreviations |ix Introduction 1 1 Catholicism in Retrenchment:the Eighteenth Century 5 The religious geography of Europe |6 Established churches and Erastianism |8 The Latin theocracy |16 The sociology of the Church: the secular clergy |22 The sociology of the Church: the regulars |31 Belief and practice |35 Conclusion:Catholicism in rupture |45 2 Catholicism in Revolution: 1789-1815 47 The rupture, 1787-90 |47 Catholicism and counter-revolution |53 War and dechristianisation |56 The revolution abroad |62 Rome and revolution:the last Pope?|69 Napoleon and religion |71 Napoleon and Europe |77 Conclusion:revolution in retrospect |83 3 Catholicism Restored: 1815-50 85 A new religious geography of Europe |86 The age of con- cordats?|89 Catholics under non-Catholic rule |92 Reaction in theory and practice |101 A religious revival?|110 Pius IX and the revolutions of 1848|120 Conclusion: restoration reviewed |128 4 Catholicism Retuned: 1850-1914 129 Ultramontanism and the papacy |130 Identity and nationalism: the anti-Catholic onslaught |141 The Catholic intellectual world: modernism versus integralism |159 Secularisation |167 Catholicism overseas |188 Conclusion:a Church in the Pope 's image |193 5 Catholicism and Reaction: 1914-45 195 The First World War and its aftermath |196 Catholics and dictators |203 Catholics and the liberal democracies |222 Catholics and belief during the inter-war years |232 The Second World War |244 Conclusion:change and continuity |263 6 Catholicism Revised: 1945-2002 265 Catholics and Cold War: Eastern Europe |266 Catholics and Cold War: Western Europe |273 The Second Vatican Council |289 The challenge of a new secularisation |299 John Paul II: 'a living cult'|313 Conclusion |320 7 Conclusion:Catholicism Reviewed 222 Notes 234 Bibliographical Essay 244 Index 265

Nicholas Atkin (1960-2009) was Professor of Modern European History at the University of Reading. Frank Tallett was, until his retirement, Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading.

• Preface |vii Abbreviations |ix Introduction 1 1 Catholicism in Retrenchment:the Eighteenth Century 5 The religious geography of Europe |6 Established churches and Erastianism |8 The Latin theocracy |16 The sociology of the Church: the secular clergy |22 The sociology of the Church: the regulars |31 Belief and practice |35 Conclusion:Catholicism in rupture |45 2 Catholicism in Revolution: 1789-1815 47 The rupture, 1787-90 |47 Catholicism and counter-revolution |53 War and dechristianisation |56 The revolution abroad |62 Rome and revolution:the last Pope?|69 Napoleon and religion |71 Napoleon and Europe |77 Conclusion:revolution in retrospect |83 3 Catholicism Restored: 1815-50 85 A new religious geography of Europe |86 The age of con- cordats?|89 Catholics under non-Catholic rule |92 Reaction in theory and practice |101 A religious revival?|110 Pius IX and the revolutions of 1848|120 Conclusion: restoration reviewed |128 4 Catholicism Retuned: 1850-1914 129 Ultramontanism and the papacy |130 Identity and nationalism: the anti-Catholic onslaught |141 The Catholic intellectual world: modernism versus integralism |159 Secularisation |167 Catholicism overseas |188 Conclusion:a Church in the Pope 's image |193 5 Catholicism and Reaction: 1914-45 195 The First World War and its aftermath |196 Catholics and dictators |203 Catholics and the liberal democracies |222 Catholics and belief during the inter-war years |232 The Second World War |244 Conclusion:change and continuity |263 6 Catholicism Revised: 1945-2002 265 Catholics and Cold War: Eastern Europe |266 Catholics and Cold War: Western Europe |273 The Second Vatican Council |289 The challenge of a new secularisation |299 John Paul II: 'a living cult'|313 Conclusion |320 7 Conclusion:Catholicism Reviewed 222 Notes 234 Bibliographical Essay 244 Index 265