Arnulfo G. Ramirez is Associate Professor of Language Education at the State University of New York at Albany.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Linguistic Diversity and Bilingual Education IntroductionMultilingualismLanguage-Nation TypologiesSocietal BilingualismLanguage Diversity in the United StatesLanguage Maintenance and Language ShiftLinguistic AssimilationInternational Dimensions of Bilingual EducationBilingual Education GoalsBilingual Education and Global PerspectivesSummarySuggested Readings 2. Types of Bilingual Education Programs IntroductionBilingual Education and National Language GoalsBilingual Education ModelsBilingual Instructional ModelsCompensatory versus Enrichment Bilingual ProgramsBilingual Education and English as a Second Language (ESL) Program DesignsSecond Language Immersion Instructional ModelsSummarySuggested Readings 3. Assessment of Bilingual Proficiency IntroductionConceptions of Bilingual ProficiencyLanguage DominanceLanguage Dominance and Bilingual ProficiencyAreas of Language AssessmentTests of Language SkillsLinguistic Competence TestsCommunicative Competence PerspectivesMeasures of Communicative CompetenceComparability of Language TestsSummarySuggested Readings 4. Development of Bilingual Proficiency IntroductionLanguage Learning in Interethnic ContextsIndividual Bilingualism and Learning ContextsSimultaneous Bilingual AcquisitionSequential Bilingual AcquisitionChildhood Bilingualism and Code SwitchingBilingualism Through SchoolingSummarySuggested Readings 5. Development of Oral Proficiency in English as a Second Language IntroductionModels of Second Language Learning Learning ESL in Bilingual SchoolsTypes of English Language ProficiencyBilingual Program Models and Oral English SkillsIndividual Differences and Oral English SkillsSummarySuggested Readings 6. Development of Literary Skills in English as a Second Language IntroductionConcepts of LiteracyLiteracy and Bilingual SchoolingBilingual Reading ApproachesReading Processes in the Second LanguageDifferences in Writing AbilitiesBilingualism and the Writing ProcessSummarySuggested Readings 7. Attitudes Toward Language and Cultural Groups IntroductionLanguage Attitudes of TeachersLanguage Attitudes and the LearnerLanguage Attitudes and Ethnolinguistic GroupsLanguage Attitudes, Cultural Stereotypes, and Bilingual SchoolingTeachers' Attitudes Toward Language VarietiesSummarySuggested Readings 8. Teaching the First and Second Languages IntroductionDevelopments in Language TeachingEnglish As a Second Language InstructionPrimary Language InstructionEffective Teaching StrategiesTeacher-Centered Language Learning ActivitiesStudent-Centered Language Learning ActivitiesTeacher Characteristics and Language TeachingSummarySuggested Readings 9. Discourse Processes in Bilingual Classrooms IntroductionLanguage in the ClassroomInstructional Approaches and Linguistic DemandsLanguage in Bilingual ClassroomsTeacher-Directed LessonsCode Switching in the ClassroomEffects of Group StructuresEffective Instructional FeaturesSummarySuggested Readings 10. Immersion Education Approaches IntroductionImmersion Education and Additive BilingualismCanadian Immersion ProgramsCulver City Spanish Immersion ProjectPlattsburgh French Immersion ProgramSummarySuggested Readings 11. Cognitive and Academic Aspects of Bilingualism IntroductionPre-1960 Studies on BilingualismCognitive Differences Between Monolinguals and BilingualsLevels of Bilingualism and Cognitive PerformanceSummarySuggested Readings 12. Bilingual Education and Language Policy IntroductionResearch in Bilingual EducationSubtractive and Additive Forms of BilingualismBilingual Schooling and LegislationBilingual Education and a National Language PolicyBilingual Schooling and Eduational PrinciplesSummarySuggested Readings Appendixes A. The Language of the Spanish/English BilingualB. State Bilingual Education LegislationC. New York State Aid for Limited English Proficiency PupilsD. Immersion and Partial Immersion Language Programs in U.S. Elementary SchoolsE. Highlights of Bilingual ProgramsF. Students' Opinions of Bilingual EducationG. Guidelines for the Preparation and Certification of Teachers of Bilingual-Bicultural Education References Indexes

Arnulfo G. Ramirez is Associate Professor of Language Education at the State University of New York at Albany.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Linguistic Diversity and Bilingual Education IntroductionMultilingualismLanguage-Nation TypologiesSocietal BilingualismLanguage Diversity in the United StatesLanguage Maintenance and Language ShiftLinguistic AssimilationInternational Dimensions of Bilingual EducationBilingual Education GoalsBilingual Education and Global PerspectivesSummarySuggested Readings 2. Types of Bilingual Education Programs IntroductionBilingual Education and National Language GoalsBilingual Education ModelsBilingual Instructional ModelsCompensatory versus Enrichment Bilingual ProgramsBilingual Education and English as a Second Language (ESL) Program DesignsSecond Language Immersion Instructional ModelsSummarySuggested Readings 3. Assessment of Bilingual Proficiency IntroductionConceptions of Bilingual ProficiencyLanguage DominanceLanguage Dominance and Bilingual ProficiencyAreas of Language AssessmentTests of Language SkillsLinguistic Competence TestsCommunicative Competence PerspectivesMeasures of Communicative CompetenceComparability of Language TestsSummarySuggested Readings 4. Development of Bilingual Proficiency IntroductionLanguage Learning in Interethnic ContextsIndividual Bilingualism and Learning ContextsSimultaneous Bilingual AcquisitionSequential Bilingual AcquisitionChildhood Bilingualism and Code SwitchingBilingualism Through SchoolingSummarySuggested Readings 5. Development of Oral Proficiency in English as a Second Language IntroductionModels of Second Language Learning Learning ESL in Bilingual SchoolsTypes of English Language ProficiencyBilingual Program Models and Oral English SkillsIndividual Differences and Oral English SkillsSummarySuggested Readings 6. Development of Literary Skills in English as a Second Language IntroductionConcepts of LiteracyLiteracy and Bilingual SchoolingBilingual Reading ApproachesReading Processes in the Second LanguageDifferences in Writing AbilitiesBilingualism and the Writing ProcessSummarySuggested Readings 7. Attitudes Toward Language and Cultural Groups IntroductionLanguage Attitudes of TeachersLanguage Attitudes and the LearnerLanguage Attitudes and Ethnolinguistic GroupsLanguage Attitudes, Cultural Stereotypes, and Bilingual SchoolingTeachers' Attitudes Toward Language VarietiesSummarySuggested Readings 8. Teaching the First and Second Languages IntroductionDevelopments in Language TeachingEnglish As a Second Language InstructionPrimary Language InstructionEffective Teaching StrategiesTeacher-Centered Language Learning ActivitiesStudent-Centered Language Learning ActivitiesTeacher Characteristics and Language TeachingSummarySuggested Readings 9. Discourse Processes in Bilingual Classrooms IntroductionLanguage in the ClassroomInstructional Approaches and Linguistic DemandsLanguage in Bilingual ClassroomsTeacher-Directed LessonsCode Switching in the ClassroomEffects of Group StructuresEffective Instructional FeaturesSummarySuggested Readings 10. Immersion Education Approaches IntroductionImmersion Education and Additive BilingualismCanadian Immersion ProgramsCulver City Spanish Immersion ProjectPlattsburgh French Immersion ProgramSummarySuggested Readings 11. Cognitive and Academic Aspects of Bilingualism IntroductionPre-1960 Studies on BilingualismCognitive Differences Between Monolinguals and BilingualsLevels of Bilingualism and Cognitive PerformanceSummarySuggested Readings 12. Bilingual Education and Language Policy IntroductionResearch in Bilingual EducationSubtractive and Additive Forms of BilingualismBilingual Schooling and LegislationBilingual Education and a National Language PolicyBilingual Schooling and Eduational PrinciplesSummarySuggested Readings Appendixes A. The Language of the Spanish/English BilingualB. State Bilingual Education LegislationC. New York State Aid for Limited English Proficiency PupilsD. Immersion and Partial Immersion Language Programs in U.S. Elementary SchoolsE. Highlights of Bilingual ProgramsF. Students' Opinions of Bilingual EducationG. Guidelines for the Preparation and Certification of Teachers of Bilingual-Bicultural Education References Indexes

Arnulfo G. Ramirez is Associate Professor of Language Education at the State University of New York at Albany.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Linguistic Diversity and Bilingual Education IntroductionMultilingualismLanguage-Nation TypologiesSocietal BilingualismLanguage Diversity in the United StatesLanguage Maintenance and Language ShiftLinguistic AssimilationInternational Dimensions of Bilingual EducationBilingual Education GoalsBilingual Education and Global PerspectivesSummarySuggested Readings 2. Types of Bilingual Education Programs IntroductionBilingual Education and National Language GoalsBilingual Education ModelsBilingual Instructional ModelsCompensatory versus Enrichment Bilingual ProgramsBilingual Education and English as a Second Language (ESL) Program DesignsSecond Language Immersion Instructional ModelsSummarySuggested Readings 3. Assessment of Bilingual Proficiency IntroductionConceptions of Bilingual ProficiencyLanguage DominanceLanguage Dominance and Bilingual ProficiencyAreas of Language AssessmentTests of Language SkillsLinguistic Competence TestsCommunicative Competence PerspectivesMeasures of Communicative CompetenceComparability of Language TestsSummarySuggested Readings 4. Development of Bilingual Proficiency IntroductionLanguage Learning in Interethnic ContextsIndividual Bilingualism and Learning ContextsSimultaneous Bilingual AcquisitionSequential Bilingual AcquisitionChildhood Bilingualism and Code SwitchingBilingualism Through SchoolingSummarySuggested Readings 5. Development of Oral Proficiency in English as a Second Language IntroductionModels of Second Language Learning Learning ESL in Bilingual SchoolsTypes of English Language ProficiencyBilingual Program Models and Oral English SkillsIndividual Differences and Oral English SkillsSummarySuggested Readings 6. Development of Literary Skills in English as a Second Language IntroductionConcepts of LiteracyLiteracy and Bilingual SchoolingBilingual Reading ApproachesReading Processes in the Second LanguageDifferences in Writing AbilitiesBilingualism and the Writing ProcessSummarySuggested Readings 7. Attitudes Toward Language and Cultural Groups IntroductionLanguage Attitudes of TeachersLanguage Attitudes and the LearnerLanguage Attitudes and Ethnolinguistic GroupsLanguage Attitudes, Cultural Stereotypes, and Bilingual SchoolingTeachers' Attitudes Toward Language VarietiesSummarySuggested Readings 8. Teaching the First and Second Languages IntroductionDevelopments in Language TeachingEnglish As a Second Language InstructionPrimary Language InstructionEffective Teaching StrategiesTeacher-Centered Language Learning ActivitiesStudent-Centered Language Learning ActivitiesTeacher Characteristics and Language TeachingSummarySuggested Readings 9. Discourse Processes in Bilingual Classrooms IntroductionLanguage in the ClassroomInstructional Approaches and Linguistic DemandsLanguage in Bilingual ClassroomsTeacher-Directed LessonsCode Switching in the ClassroomEffects of Group StructuresEffective Instructional FeaturesSummarySuggested Readings 10. Immersion Education Approaches IntroductionImmersion Education and Additive BilingualismCanadian Immersion ProgramsCulver City Spanish Immersion ProjectPlattsburgh French Immersion ProgramSummarySuggested Readings 11. Cognitive and Academic Aspects of Bilingualism IntroductionPre-1960 Studies on BilingualismCognitive Differences Between Monolinguals and BilingualsLevels of Bilingualism and Cognitive PerformanceSummarySuggested Readings 12. Bilingual Education and Language Policy IntroductionResearch in Bilingual EducationSubtractive and Additive Forms of BilingualismBilingual Schooling and LegislationBilingual Education and a National Language PolicyBilingual Schooling and Eduational PrinciplesSummarySuggested Readings Appendixes A. The Language of the Spanish/English BilingualB. State Bilingual Education LegislationC. New York State Aid for Limited English Proficiency PupilsD. Immersion and Partial Immersion Language Programs in U.S. Elementary SchoolsE. Highlights of Bilingual ProgramsF. Students' Opinions of Bilingual EducationG. Guidelines for the Preparation and Certification of Teachers of Bilingual-Bicultural Education References Indexes