Stanton Wheeler (1930-2007) was Ford Foundation Professor Emeritus of Law and the Social Sciences and professorial lecturer in law at Yale Law School, USA. He was widely recognized for his leadership in integrating law and social science and was best known for his work in the fields of white-collar crimes and prison systems. He authored ten books including Social Science in the Making, Sitting in Judgment, and Crimes of the Middle Classes.

• ContentsAcknowledgmentsThe ContributorsI. Introduction1. Problems and Issues in Record-KeepingStanton WheelerThe Scope of This VolumeThemes and Variations in Record-KeepingThe Policy IssuesII. Educational Institutions2. Record-Keeping in Elementary and Secondary SchoolsDavid A. Goslin and Nancy BordierAmerican Education and Educational RecordsThe Historical Development of Record-Keeping ProceduresCurrent PracticesTrends and Future ProspectsEthical, Legal, and Social Issues3. The Dossier in Colleges and UniversitiesBurton R. ClarkThe Scope of Record-KeepingThe Primary Central RecordsThe Varieties of Location and StyleThe Varieties of ConfidenceUse of the Final Record after CollegeThe Problem of Anticipation4. Information-Flow within the Professions: Some SelectiveComparisons of Law, Medicine, and NursingRodolfo Alvarez and Wilbert E. MooreThe Profession of MedicineThe Professions of Law and Nursing: General Comparisons to MedicineGeneral Comparisons among the Professions SummaryIII. Economic Institutions5. The Dossier in Consumer CreditJames Rule, David Caplovitz, and Pierce BarkerHow Credit Reporting WorksHow Should Credit Reporting Work?Future Trends and Issues6. Record-Keeping and Corporate EmployeesIvar Berg and James SalvateSources of Information on ManagersRecords on Nonmanagerial PersonnelDisclosure of Information on EmployeesImplications and Issues in the Use of Corporate DossiersConclusions7. Personal Information in Insurance FilesH. Laurence RossLife Insurance UnderwritingPersonal Information in Other Types of InsuranceIV. Governmental Institutions8. Government Records: The Census Bureau and the SocialSecurity AdministrationJoseph SteinbergFederal Data CollectionThe Bureau of the CensusThe Social Security AdministrationGovernment Statistics—A Coordinated System9. The Dossier in Military OrganizationRoger W. LittleForms of Military DossiersDisposition of RecordsIssues and Implications10. Security InvestigationsJesse OrlanskyFederal Personnel Clearance ProgramsThe Investigative ProcedureDenial of ClearancePrivacy of Information in DossiersAppendixesV. Welfare Institutions11. Record-Keeping and the Intake Process in a Public Welfare AgencyDon H. ZimmermanThe Setting and Its TasksReceptionThe Intake InvestigationDocuments as Objective and Factual AccountsConcluding Remarks12. Records in the Juvenile CourtEdwin M. LemertPurposes of Juvenile Court RecordsPolice and Juvenile Delinquency RecordsMaking and Using Juvenile Court RecordsConsequences of Juvenile Court RecordsDossiers and the "Law Explosion"13. Case Records in the Mental HospitalKai T. Erikson and Daniel E. GilbertsonRecord-ProcessingThe PatientIssues of ConfidentialityVI. The Law14. Legal Control of the DossierAbraham S. GoldsteinThe Direct Inquiry: Questions to A by BThe Indirect Inquiry: Getting Information from B about AGetting Information about A from the GovernmentStriking the BalanceIndex

Stanton Wheeler (1930-2007) was Ford Foundation Professor Emeritus of Law and the Social Sciences and professorial lecturer in law at Yale Law School, USA. He was widely recognized for his leadership in integrating law and social science and was best known for his work in the fields of white-collar crimes and prison systems. He authored ten books including Social Science in the Making, Sitting in Judgment, and Crimes of the Middle Classes.

• ContentsAcknowledgmentsThe ContributorsI. Introduction1. Problems and Issues in Record-KeepingStanton WheelerThe Scope of This VolumeThemes and Variations in Record-KeepingThe Policy IssuesII. Educational Institutions2. Record-Keeping in Elementary and Secondary SchoolsDavid A. Goslin and Nancy BordierAmerican Education and Educational RecordsThe Historical Development of Record-Keeping ProceduresCurrent PracticesTrends and Future ProspectsEthical, Legal, and Social Issues3. The Dossier in Colleges and UniversitiesBurton R. ClarkThe Scope of Record-KeepingThe Primary Central RecordsThe Varieties of Location and StyleThe Varieties of ConfidenceUse of the Final Record after CollegeThe Problem of Anticipation4. Information-Flow within the Professions: Some SelectiveComparisons of Law, Medicine, and NursingRodolfo Alvarez and Wilbert E. MooreThe Profession of MedicineThe Professions of Law and Nursing: General Comparisons to MedicineGeneral Comparisons among the Professions SummaryIII. Economic Institutions5. The Dossier in Consumer CreditJames Rule, David Caplovitz, and Pierce BarkerHow Credit Reporting WorksHow Should Credit Reporting Work?Future Trends and Issues6. Record-Keeping and Corporate EmployeesIvar Berg and James SalvateSources of Information on ManagersRecords on Nonmanagerial PersonnelDisclosure of Information on EmployeesImplications and Issues in the Use of Corporate DossiersConclusions7. Personal Information in Insurance FilesH. Laurence RossLife Insurance UnderwritingPersonal Information in Other Types of InsuranceIV. Governmental Institutions8. Government Records: The Census Bureau and the SocialSecurity AdministrationJoseph SteinbergFederal Data CollectionThe Bureau of the CensusThe Social Security AdministrationGovernment Statistics—A Coordinated System9. The Dossier in Military OrganizationRoger W. LittleForms of Military DossiersDisposition of RecordsIssues and Implications10. Security InvestigationsJesse OrlanskyFederal Personnel Clearance ProgramsThe Investigative ProcedureDenial of ClearancePrivacy of Information in DossiersAppendixesV. Welfare Institutions11. Record-Keeping and the Intake Process in a Public Welfare AgencyDon H. ZimmermanThe Setting and Its TasksReceptionThe Intake InvestigationDocuments as Objective and Factual AccountsConcluding Remarks12. Records in the Juvenile CourtEdwin M. LemertPurposes of Juvenile Court RecordsPolice and Juvenile Delinquency RecordsMaking and Using Juvenile Court RecordsConsequences of Juvenile Court RecordsDossiers and the "Law Explosion"13. Case Records in the Mental HospitalKai T. Erikson and Daniel E. GilbertsonRecord-ProcessingThe PatientIssues of ConfidentialityVI. The Law14. Legal Control of the DossierAbraham S. GoldsteinThe Direct Inquiry: Questions to A by BThe Indirect Inquiry: Getting Information from B about AGetting Information about A from the GovernmentStriking the BalanceIndex

Stanton Wheeler (1930-2007) was Ford Foundation Professor Emeritus of Law and the Social Sciences and professorial lecturer in law at Yale Law School, USA. He was widely recognized for his leadership in integrating law and social science and was best known for his work in the fields of white-collar crimes and prison systems. He authored ten books including Social Science in the Making, Sitting in Judgment, and Crimes of the Middle Classes.

• ContentsAcknowledgmentsThe ContributorsI. Introduction1. Problems and Issues in Record-KeepingStanton WheelerThe Scope of This VolumeThemes and Variations in Record-KeepingThe Policy IssuesII. Educational Institutions2. Record-Keeping in Elementary and Secondary SchoolsDavid A. Goslin and Nancy BordierAmerican Education and Educational RecordsThe Historical Development of Record-Keeping ProceduresCurrent PracticesTrends and Future ProspectsEthical, Legal, and Social Issues3. The Dossier in Colleges and UniversitiesBurton R. ClarkThe Scope of Record-KeepingThe Primary Central RecordsThe Varieties of Location and StyleThe Varieties of ConfidenceUse of the Final Record after CollegeThe Problem of Anticipation4. Information-Flow within the Professions: Some SelectiveComparisons of Law, Medicine, and NursingRodolfo Alvarez and Wilbert E. MooreThe Profession of MedicineThe Professions of Law and Nursing: General Comparisons to MedicineGeneral Comparisons among the Professions SummaryIII. Economic Institutions5. The Dossier in Consumer CreditJames Rule, David Caplovitz, and Pierce BarkerHow Credit Reporting WorksHow Should Credit Reporting Work?Future Trends and Issues6. Record-Keeping and Corporate EmployeesIvar Berg and James SalvateSources of Information on ManagersRecords on Nonmanagerial PersonnelDisclosure of Information on EmployeesImplications and Issues in the Use of Corporate DossiersConclusions7. Personal Information in Insurance FilesH. Laurence RossLife Insurance UnderwritingPersonal Information in Other Types of InsuranceIV. Governmental Institutions8. Government Records: The Census Bureau and the SocialSecurity AdministrationJoseph SteinbergFederal Data CollectionThe Bureau of the CensusThe Social Security AdministrationGovernment Statistics—A Coordinated System9. The Dossier in Military OrganizationRoger W. LittleForms of Military DossiersDisposition of RecordsIssues and Implications10. Security InvestigationsJesse OrlanskyFederal Personnel Clearance ProgramsThe Investigative ProcedureDenial of ClearancePrivacy of Information in DossiersAppendixesV. Welfare Institutions11. Record-Keeping and the Intake Process in a Public Welfare AgencyDon H. ZimmermanThe Setting and Its TasksReceptionThe Intake InvestigationDocuments as Objective and Factual AccountsConcluding Remarks12. Records in the Juvenile CourtEdwin M. LemertPurposes of Juvenile Court RecordsPolice and Juvenile Delinquency RecordsMaking and Using Juvenile Court RecordsConsequences of Juvenile Court RecordsDossiers and the "Law Explosion"13. Case Records in the Mental HospitalKai T. Erikson and Daniel E. GilbertsonRecord-ProcessingThe PatientIssues of ConfidentialityVI. The Law14. Legal Control of the DossierAbraham S. GoldsteinThe Direct Inquiry: Questions to A by BThe Indirect Inquiry: Getting Information from B about AGetting Information about A from the GovernmentStriking the BalanceIndex