Zygmunt Pizlo is Professor and Falmagne Endowed Chair in Mathematical Psychology in the Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California at Irvine. He is the author of 3D Shape: Its Unique Place in Visual Perception (2008) and co-author of Making a Machine That Sees Like Us (2014).

• Preface; 1. Problem solving – definition of the main concepts; 2. Animal problem solving: innovative use of tools; 3. Modern research on the human's ability to solve problems that have large spaces; 4. The exponential pyramid representation that compensates for the exponentially-large problem spaces; 5. Heuristic function, distance and direction in solving problems; 6. Insight and creative thinking; 7. Inference in perception. Perceptual representation: a rejoinder to insight; 8. Cognitive inference. Mental representations; 9. Theory of Mind (ToM); 10. Solving problems in physics and mathematics; 11. Summary and conclusions.

Zygmunt Pizlo is Professor and Falmagne Endowed Chair in Mathematical Psychology in the Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California at Irvine. He is the author of 3D Shape: Its Unique Place in Visual Perception (2008) and co-author of Making a Machine That Sees Like Us (2014).

• Preface; 1. Problem solving – definition of the main concepts; 2. Animal problem solving: innovative use of tools; 3. Modern research on the human's ability to solve problems that have large spaces; 4. The exponential pyramid representation that compensates for the exponentially-large problem spaces; 5. Heuristic function, distance and direction in solving problems; 6. Insight and creative thinking; 7. Inference in perception. Perceptual representation: a rejoinder to insight; 8. Cognitive inference. Mental representations; 9. Theory of Mind (ToM); 10. Solving problems in physics and mathematics; 11. Summary and conclusions.

Zygmunt Pizlo is Professor and Falmagne Endowed Chair in Mathematical Psychology in the Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California at Irvine. He is the author of 3D Shape: Its Unique Place in Visual Perception (2008) and co-author of Making a Machine That Sees Like Us (2014).

• Preface; 1. Problem solving – definition of the main concepts; 2. Animal problem solving: innovative use of tools; 3. Modern research on the human's ability to solve problems that have large spaces; 4. The exponential pyramid representation that compensates for the exponentially-large problem spaces; 5. Heuristic function, distance and direction in solving problems; 6. Insight and creative thinking; 7. Inference in perception. Perceptual representation: a rejoinder to insight; 8. Cognitive inference. Mental representations; 9. Theory of Mind (ToM); 10. Solving problems in physics and mathematics; 11. Summary and conclusions.