Chie Yorozu is Associate Professor of Business Administration at the School of Business, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan.

• List of illustrations Acknowledgement Author biography List of abbreviations 1 Introduction: Foreign labour in Japan and the circumstances surrounding it2 Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: Contexts of Japan and overseas 3 The Japanese traditional HRM system: The current system in Japanese firms and their overseas subsidiaries 4 Expectations of Japanese firms and Chinese/Vietnamese expatriates: The traditional Japanese HRM system 5 Experiences of Chinese and Vietnamese expatriates: Work cultural adjustment 6 Expectation gaps and hardship in Japanese firms 7 Conclusion: Lessons from the current phenomena and future implications AppendixIndex

Chie Yorozu is Associate Professor of Business Administration at the School of Business, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan.

• List of illustrations Acknowledgement Author biography List of abbreviations 1 Introduction: Foreign labour in Japan and the circumstances surrounding it2 Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: Contexts of Japan and overseas 3 The Japanese traditional HRM system: The current system in Japanese firms and their overseas subsidiaries 4 Expectations of Japanese firms and Chinese/Vietnamese expatriates: The traditional Japanese HRM system 5 Experiences of Chinese and Vietnamese expatriates: Work cultural adjustment 6 Expectation gaps and hardship in Japanese firms 7 Conclusion: Lessons from the current phenomena and future implications AppendixIndex

Chie Yorozu is Associate Professor of Business Administration at the School of Business, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan.

• List of illustrations Acknowledgement Author biography List of abbreviations 1 Introduction: Foreign labour in Japan and the circumstances surrounding it2 Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: Contexts of Japan and overseas 3 The Japanese traditional HRM system: The current system in Japanese firms and their overseas subsidiaries 4 Expectations of Japanese firms and Chinese/Vietnamese expatriates: The traditional Japanese HRM system 5 Experiences of Chinese and Vietnamese expatriates: Work cultural adjustment 6 Expectation gaps and hardship in Japanese firms 7 Conclusion: Lessons from the current phenomena and future implications AppendixIndex