Ke Huang is currently a full-time lecturer in the College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His research interests are blockchain and applied cryptography.Yi Mu is currently a professor in the Institute of Data Science, City University of Macau. His research interests include cybersecurity and cryptography.Fatemeh Rezaeibagha is currently a Lecturer of Information Technology, Media and Communications Discipline with Murdoch University, Australia. Her major research interests include cryptography, IoT, blockchain, and cybersecurity. Dr. Rezaeibagha is a member of Australian Computer Society.Xiaosong Zhang is currently a professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He is the Cheung Kong Scholar Distinguished Professor. His research interests are blockchain, big data security, AI security etc.

• 1. Overview 2. Preliminaries 3. Background 4. Public-Key Signature Scheme for Blockchain 5. Public-Key Encryption Scheme for Blockchain 6. Public-Key Hash Function for Blockchain 7. Zero-Knowledge Proof for Blockchain 8. Tools as Optimizations for Blockchain 9. Regulation and Economies of Blockchain 10. Concluding Remarks

Ke Huang is currently a full-time lecturer in the College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His research interests are blockchain and applied cryptography.Yi Mu is currently a professor in the Institute of Data Science, City University of Macau. His research interests include cybersecurity and cryptography.Fatemeh Rezaeibagha is currently a Lecturer of Information Technology, Media and Communications Discipline with Murdoch University, Australia. Her major research interests include cryptography, IoT, blockchain, and cybersecurity. Dr. Rezaeibagha is a member of Australian Computer Society.Xiaosong Zhang is currently a professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He is the Cheung Kong Scholar Distinguished Professor. His research interests are blockchain, big data security, AI security etc.

• 1. Overview 2. Preliminaries 3. Background 4. Public-Key Signature Scheme for Blockchain 5. Public-Key Encryption Scheme for Blockchain 6. Public-Key Hash Function for Blockchain 7. Zero-Knowledge Proof for Blockchain 8. Tools as Optimizations for Blockchain 9. Regulation and Economies of Blockchain 10. Concluding Remarks

Ke Huang is currently a full-time lecturer in the College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His research interests are blockchain and applied cryptography.Yi Mu is currently a professor in the Institute of Data Science, City University of Macau. His research interests include cybersecurity and cryptography.Fatemeh Rezaeibagha is currently a Lecturer of Information Technology, Media and Communications Discipline with Murdoch University, Australia. Her major research interests include cryptography, IoT, blockchain, and cybersecurity. Dr. Rezaeibagha is a member of Australian Computer Society.Xiaosong Zhang is currently a professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He is the Cheung Kong Scholar Distinguished Professor. His research interests are blockchain, big data security, AI security etc.

• 1. Overview 2. Preliminaries 3. Background 4. Public-Key Signature Scheme for Blockchain 5. Public-Key Encryption Scheme for Blockchain 6. Public-Key Hash Function for Blockchain 7. Zero-Knowledge Proof for Blockchain 8. Tools as Optimizations for Blockchain 9. Regulation and Economies of Blockchain 10. Concluding Remarks