Fundamentals of Computer Graphics

Steve Marschner, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USAPeter Shirley, Purity LLC

• IntroductionGraphics AreasMajor ApplicationsGraphics APIsGraphics PipelineNumerical IssuesEfficiencyDesigning and Coding Graphics ProgramsMiscellaneous MathSets and MappingsSolving Quadratic EquationsTrigonometryVectorsCurves and SurfacesLinear InterpolationTrianglesRaster ImagesRaster DevicesImages, Pixels, and GeometryRGB ColorAlpha CompositingRay TracingThe Basic Ray-Tracing AlgorithmPerspectiveComputing Viewing RaysRay-Object IntersectionShadingA Ray-Tracing ProgramShadowsIdeal Specular ReflectionHistorical NotesSurface ShadingDiffuse ShadingPhong ShadingArtistic ShadingLinear AlgebraDeterminantsMatricesComputing with Matrices and DeterminantsEigenvalues and Matrix DiagonalizationTransformation Matrices2D Linear Transformations3D Linear TransformationsTranslation and Affine TransformationsInverses of Transformation MatricesCoordinate TransformationsViewingViewing TransformationsProjective TransformationsPerspective ProjectionSome Properties of the Perspective TransformField-of-ViewThe Graphics PipelineRasterizationOperations Before and After RasterizationSimple AntialiasingCulling Primitives for EfficiencySignal ProcessingDigital Audio: Sampling in 1DConvolutionConvolution FiltersSignal Processing for ImagesSampling TheoryTexture MappingLooking Up Texture ValuesTexture Coordinate FunctionsAntialiasing Texture LookupsApplications of Texture MappingProcedural 3D TexturesData Structures for GraphicsTriangle MeshesScene GraphsSpatial Data StructuresBSP Trees for VisibilityTiling Multidimensional ArraysSamplingIntegrationContinuous ProbabilityMonte Carlo IntegrationChoosing Random PointsPhysics-based RenderingPhotonsSmooth metalsSmooth dielectrics Dielectrics with subsurface scatteringA brute force photon tracerRadiometryRadiometry of ScatteringTransport EquationMaterials in practice Monte Carlo Ray Tracing CurvesCurvesCurve PropertiesPolynomial PiecesPutting Pieces TogetherCubicsApproximating CurvesSummaryComputer AnimationPrinciples of AnimationKeyframingDeformationsCharacter AnimationPhysics-Based AnimationProcedural TechniquesGroups of ObjectsUsing Graphics HardwareHardware OverviewWhat Is Graphics HardwareHeterogeneous MultiprocessingGraphics Hardware Programming: Buffers, State, and ShadersState MachineBasic OpenGL Application LayoutGeometryA First Look at ShadersVertex Buffer ObjectsVertex Array ObjectsTransformation MatricesShading with Per-Vertex AttributesShading in the Fragment ProcessorMeshes and InstancingTexture ObjectsObject-Oriented Design for Graphics Hardware ProgrammingContinued LearningColorColorimetryColor SpacesChromatic AdaptationColor AppearanceVisual PerceptionVision ScienceVisual SensitivitySpatial VisionObjects, Locations, and EventsPicture PerceptionTone ReproductionClassificationDynamic RangeColorImage FormationFrequency-Based OperatorsGradient-Domain OperatorsSpatial OperatorsDivisionSigmoidsOther ApproachesNight TonemappingDiscussionImplicit ModelingImplicit Functions, Skeletal Primitives, and Summation BlendingRenderingSpace PartitioningMore on BlendingConstructive Solid GeometryWarpingPrecise Contact ModelingThe Blob TreeInteractive Implicit Modeling SystemsComputer Graphics in GamesPlatformsLimited ResourcesOptimization TechniquesGame TypesThe Game Production ProcessVisualizationBackgroundData TypesHuman-Centered Design ProcessVisual Encoding PrinciplesInteraction PrinciplesComposite and Adjacent ViewsData ReductionExamples