Kim Barker is Professor of Law at the University of Lincoln (UK) and a Council of Europe expert. Her expertise is in responses to technology-facilitated violence against women, including online violence, online harms and online safety across a multitude of online spaces including social media, online games and eSports.Olga Jurasz is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for Protecting Women Online at the Open University. Her research expertise is in legal responses to violence against women (including online violence), online harms and feminist approaches to governance of online spaces.

• List of contributors Preface Introduction: social media, law and societyKIM BARKER AND OLGA JURASZ PART I Reflections on law, society and social media 1 Social media, human rights and society 7RIKKE FRANK JØRGENSEN2 Regulating online harms Down Under: a contemporary assessment of law and society perspectives relating to social media platforms HANNAH KLOSE3 Masculine technologies and social media: the urgent need to identify, map, and combat new manifestations of gender-based violence ANASTASIA KARAGIANNIPART II Social media, gender and democracy 4 Intersectionality and the problems of using artificial intelligence to address online gender-based violence and gendered disinformation DHANARAJ THAKUR5 Gender, disinformation, and social media – protecting women’s freedom of expression in the digital age PAULA MARTINS6 Social media, misinformation, and regulation in Southeast Asia: impacts on freedoms of expression and right to information MICHAEL P. CAÑARES7 State actors, disinformation, and social media: a new and dangerous chapter of lying in politics ELIZA BECHTOLDPART III Social media, youth and harms 8 Centring young people’s accounts of digitally networked environments: a Canadian perspective JANE BAILEY9 Online child sexual abuse and the role of social media platforms in protecting children’s rights: a European perspective SABINE K. WITTING AND MARK R. LEISER10 Crime and social media in Croatia: an interdisciplinary analysis IGOR VULETIĆ AND GORAN LIVAZOVIĆPART IV Regulating social media 11 The softer side of censorship: geo-blocking content on social media platforms MACKENZIE F. COMMON12 Regulation of social media in Singapore CHEN SIYUAN AND NATALIA BEADLE13 Protecting media content on social media platforms in the EU LIDIA DUTKIEWICZ AND ALEKSANDRA KUCZERAWYPART V Social media and rights 14 Social media and digital constitutionalism EDOARDO CELESTE15 Platforms in the Brazilian civil rights framework for the internet: the need for progressive risk-based liability DANIEL DIAS, LUCA BELLI, NICOLO ZINGALES, WALTER B. GASPAR AND YASMIN CURZI16 Tackling cyber-violence, empowering users: assessing the impact of the Digital Services Act on social media due diligence ELISABETTA STRINGHIPART VI Social media, harms and safety 17 Complex online harms and assuring user agency: content moderation and agency by design BENJAMIN FARRAND18 Online violence against women in politics and democratic harms KIM BARKER AND OLGA JURASZ19 What is the purpose of social media regulation, and is the Online Safety Act likely to meet it? ELLEN JUDSONPART VII Technical capability and social media 20 Rediscovering interoperability: a vital tool to unlock the future of social media SACHIN DHAWAN, FAWAZ SHAHEEN AND JHALAK M. KAKKAR21 Accountability and regulation of digital speech infrastructures in the EU and beyond ASAF WIENER22 “It is a dangerous time for democracies”: on why we need to take social media and generative AI seriously EIRLIANI ABDUL RAHMAN, GIULIA CAMPAIOLI, SARA DI BARTOLOMEO, BEATE OCHSNER, DANIEL KEIM AND LIANE WÖRNERIndex

Kim Barker is Professor of Law at the University of Lincoln (UK) and a Council of Europe expert. Her expertise is in responses to technology-facilitated violence against women, including online violence, online harms and online safety across a multitude of online spaces including social media, online games and eSports.Olga Jurasz is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for Protecting Women Online at the Open University. Her research expertise is in legal responses to violence against women (including online violence), online harms and feminist approaches to governance of online spaces.

• List of contributors Preface Introduction: social media, law and societyKIM BARKER AND OLGA JURASZ PART I Reflections on law, society and social media 1 Social media, human rights and society 7RIKKE FRANK JØRGENSEN2 Regulating online harms Down Under: a contemporary assessment of law and society perspectives relating to social media platforms HANNAH KLOSE3 Masculine technologies and social media: the urgent need to identify, map, and combat new manifestations of gender-based violence ANASTASIA KARAGIANNIPART II Social media, gender and democracy 4 Intersectionality and the problems of using artificial intelligence to address online gender-based violence and gendered disinformation DHANARAJ THAKUR5 Gender, disinformation, and social media – protecting women’s freedom of expression in the digital age PAULA MARTINS6 Social media, misinformation, and regulation in Southeast Asia: impacts on freedoms of expression and right to information MICHAEL P. CAÑARES7 State actors, disinformation, and social media: a new and dangerous chapter of lying in politics ELIZA BECHTOLDPART III Social media, youth and harms 8 Centring young people’s accounts of digitally networked environments: a Canadian perspective JANE BAILEY9 Online child sexual abuse and the role of social media platforms in protecting children’s rights: a European perspective SABINE K. WITTING AND MARK R. LEISER10 Crime and social media in Croatia: an interdisciplinary analysis IGOR VULETIĆ AND GORAN LIVAZOVIĆPART IV Regulating social media 11 The softer side of censorship: geo-blocking content on social media platforms MACKENZIE F. COMMON12 Regulation of social media in Singapore CHEN SIYUAN AND NATALIA BEADLE13 Protecting media content on social media platforms in the EU LIDIA DUTKIEWICZ AND ALEKSANDRA KUCZERAWYPART V Social media and rights 14 Social media and digital constitutionalism EDOARDO CELESTE15 Platforms in the Brazilian civil rights framework for the internet: the need for progressive risk-based liability DANIEL DIAS, LUCA BELLI, NICOLO ZINGALES, WALTER B. GASPAR AND YASMIN CURZI16 Tackling cyber-violence, empowering users: assessing the impact of the Digital Services Act on social media due diligence ELISABETTA STRINGHIPART VI Social media, harms and safety 17 Complex online harms and assuring user agency: content moderation and agency by design BENJAMIN FARRAND18 Online violence against women in politics and democratic harms KIM BARKER AND OLGA JURASZ19 What is the purpose of social media regulation, and is the Online Safety Act likely to meet it? ELLEN JUDSONPART VII Technical capability and social media 20 Rediscovering interoperability: a vital tool to unlock the future of social media SACHIN DHAWAN, FAWAZ SHAHEEN AND JHALAK M. KAKKAR21 Accountability and regulation of digital speech infrastructures in the EU and beyond ASAF WIENER22 “It is a dangerous time for democracies”: on why we need to take social media and generative AI seriously EIRLIANI ABDUL RAHMAN, GIULIA CAMPAIOLI, SARA DI BARTOLOMEO, BEATE OCHSNER, DANIEL KEIM AND LIANE WÖRNERIndex

Kim Barker is Professor of Law at the University of Lincoln (UK) and a Council of Europe expert. Her expertise is in responses to technology-facilitated violence against women, including online violence, online harms and online safety across a multitude of online spaces including social media, online games and eSports.Olga Jurasz is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for Protecting Women Online at the Open University. Her research expertise is in legal responses to violence against women (including online violence), online harms and feminist approaches to governance of online spaces.

• List of contributors Preface Introduction: social media, law and societyKIM BARKER AND OLGA JURASZ PART I Reflections on law, society and social media 1 Social media, human rights and society 7RIKKE FRANK JØRGENSEN2 Regulating online harms Down Under: a contemporary assessment of law and society perspectives relating to social media platforms HANNAH KLOSE3 Masculine technologies and social media: the urgent need to identify, map, and combat new manifestations of gender-based violence ANASTASIA KARAGIANNIPART II Social media, gender and democracy 4 Intersectionality and the problems of using artificial intelligence to address online gender-based violence and gendered disinformation DHANARAJ THAKUR5 Gender, disinformation, and social media – protecting women’s freedom of expression in the digital age PAULA MARTINS6 Social media, misinformation, and regulation in Southeast Asia: impacts on freedoms of expression and right to information MICHAEL P. CAÑARES7 State actors, disinformation, and social media: a new and dangerous chapter of lying in politics ELIZA BECHTOLDPART III Social media, youth and harms 8 Centring young people’s accounts of digitally networked environments: a Canadian perspective JANE BAILEY9 Online child sexual abuse and the role of social media platforms in protecting children’s rights: a European perspective SABINE K. WITTING AND MARK R. LEISER10 Crime and social media in Croatia: an interdisciplinary analysis IGOR VULETIĆ AND GORAN LIVAZOVIĆPART IV Regulating social media 11 The softer side of censorship: geo-blocking content on social media platforms MACKENZIE F. COMMON12 Regulation of social media in Singapore CHEN SIYUAN AND NATALIA BEADLE13 Protecting media content on social media platforms in the EU LIDIA DUTKIEWICZ AND ALEKSANDRA KUCZERAWYPART V Social media and rights 14 Social media and digital constitutionalism EDOARDO CELESTE15 Platforms in the Brazilian civil rights framework for the internet: the need for progressive risk-based liability DANIEL DIAS, LUCA BELLI, NICOLO ZINGALES, WALTER B. GASPAR AND YASMIN CURZI16 Tackling cyber-violence, empowering users: assessing the impact of the Digital Services Act on social media due diligence ELISABETTA STRINGHIPART VI Social media, harms and safety 17 Complex online harms and assuring user agency: content moderation and agency by design BENJAMIN FARRAND18 Online violence against women in politics and democratic harms KIM BARKER AND OLGA JURASZ19 What is the purpose of social media regulation, and is the Online Safety Act likely to meet it? ELLEN JUDSONPART VII Technical capability and social media 20 Rediscovering interoperability: a vital tool to unlock the future of social media SACHIN DHAWAN, FAWAZ SHAHEEN AND JHALAK M. KAKKAR21 Accountability and regulation of digital speech infrastructures in the EU and beyond ASAF WIENER22 “It is a dangerous time for democracies”: on why we need to take social media and generative AI seriously EIRLIANI ABDUL RAHMAN, GIULIA CAMPAIOLI, SARA DI BARTOLOMEO, BEATE OCHSNER, DANIEL KEIM AND LIANE WÖRNERIndex